如图1所示,国际政治经济与国际安全(international security)、国际关系理论(international relations theory)同为国际关系领域的主要研究方向,而比较政治经济则与比较政治制度(comparative political institutions)、比较政治发展(comparative political development)同为比较政治学的主要方向,[5]所以国际政治经济学与比较政治经济学既是政治学的重要研究方向,又是政治经济学的重要领域,它们也兼有两个学科的特点。国际关系研究国家间的关系,重点在国际层面,这就意味着国际政治经济学的重点在国际层面的政治、经济关系。比较政治学的重点则在国内层面,比较不同国家或者同一国家不同时期的政治运作,这也使比较政治经济学的研究重点落在国内与比较上。
这里用20世纪80年代流行的霸权稳定论(theory of hegemonic stability)来说明国际政治经济学的研究重点。霸权稳定论认为,国际市场的开放程度(开放程度越高市场越自由、关税壁垒越底)是由国际政治体系的特点所决定的。当国际政治体系由一个崇尚自由贸易的霸主所控制,国际市场的开放程度就高;当这个霸主衰落了,国际政治体系则走向多级竞争,国际市场开放程度就会随之降低。这是一个典型的国际政治经济学理论,因为它的研究重点是国际政治体系与国际市场的关系。
20世纪80年代和90年代流行的发展型国家理论(theory of developmental state)就是比较政治经济学的典型理论。发展型国家理论源于对东亚(特别是日本、韩国和中国台湾)在二战后的发展经验的研究,后又加上与其他发展中国家(特别是拉美国家)经验的对比。这个理论认为,东亚发展的成功建立在一种特殊的国家类型上,即发展型国家。它的特点在于这类国家具有持续的发展意愿、凝聚力极强的经济行政机构、良好的政商合作关系、以及有选择性的产业政策。大部分发展中国家之所以没有象东亚一样发展起来主要是因为它们的国家缺少这些特点。发展型国家理论的重点是国内体系,发展型国家的这几个特点都是围绕着政府、社会集团(在这个理论里主要是指商业集团)、经济的关系论述的。另外,这个理论还涉及到成功与不成功发展中国家及地区的比较。因此,发展型国家理论是个典型的比较政治经济学理论。
在政治经济学的四大领域内,政治经济哲学和本国政治经济学的研究是起步最早的。国际政治经济学与比较政治经济学是随着交通、科技的进步和国际体系的形成而逐渐发展起来,因此对这两个领域的研究则需要更多的国外知识和更强的学术动力。但应该说,政治经济学从它诞生起就存在国际和比较的成分。从亚当•斯密的《国富论》(The Wealth of Nations)(1776)到卡尔·波兰尼(Karl Polanyi)的《大转型》(The Great Transformation)(1944)和阿尔伯特·赫希曼(Albert O. Hirschman)的《国家实力与国际贸易的结构》(National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade)(1945)、再到亚历山大•葛先克隆(Alexander Gerschenkron)的《历史视角下的经济落后》(Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective)(1962),这些政治经济学的经典都不同程度地涉及国际政治经济体系以及跨时间或跨空间的比较。不过,国际政治经济学与比较政治经济学的名称真正开始广泛使用、这两个领域真正开始成型还是在20世纪70年代末以后。
[1] Barry Clark, Political Economy: A Comparative Approach, New York, Westport and London: Praeger, 1991, p.23.
[2] Jan-Erik Lane and Svante Ersson, Comparative Political Economy: A Developmental Approach, London and Washington: Pinter, 1990, p.1; James Caporaso and David P.Levine, Theories of Political Economy, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.1; Phillip Anthony O’Hara (ed.), Encyclopedia of Political Economy, London and New York: Routledge, 1999, p.853.
[6] 代表作如:Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1977; Keohane, “Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economic Regimes, 1967-1977,” in Ole R. Holsti, Randolph M. Siverson, and Alexander L. George, eds, Change in the International System, Boulder: Westview Press, 1980; Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984; Robert Gilpin, “Three Models of the Future,” International Organization, Vol.29, No.1, 1975; Gilpin, U.S. Power and the MultinationalCorporation: The Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment, London: Macmillan, 1976.
[7] 代表作如:Peter Katzenstein, “Conclusion: Domestic Structures and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy,” in Peter Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978; Peter Gourevitch, “International trade, Domestic Coalitions and Liberty,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.8, No.2, 1977; Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crises, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1986; Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[8] Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-system I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto: Academic Press, 1974; Wallerstein, The Modern World-system II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-economy, 1600-1750, San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto: Academic Press, 1980; Wallerstein, The Modern World-system III: The Second Era of Grreat Expansion of the Capitalist World-economy, 1730-1840s, San Diego, New York, Boston, London, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto: Academic Press, 1989.
[9] 代表作如:Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982; Johnson, “Political Institutions and Economic Performance: the Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan,” in Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987; Peter Evans, Dependent development: The Alliance of Ultinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979; Evans, “Transnational Linkages and the Economic Role of the State: An Analysis of Developing and Industrialized Nations in the Post-World War II Period,” in Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the state back in, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985; Evans, “Class, State, and Dependence in East Asia: Lessons for Latin Americanists,” in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism.
[10] 如:Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1962; Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State, London: N.L.B., 1974; Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power I: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986; Mann, The Sources of Social Power II: The Rise of Classes and Nation-states, 1760-1914, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993; Charles Tilly ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975; Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992, Cambridge (Mass.) and Oxford: Blackwell, 1992等。
[11] 这部分讨论参见:Peter Evans and John D. Stephens, “Studying Development Since the Sixties: The Emergence of a New Comparative Political Economy,” Theory and Society, Vol.17, 1988。
[12] 代表作如:Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge (Mass.) and London: Harvard University Press, 1965; Gordon Tullock, “The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies, and Theft,” Western Economic Journal, Vol.5, 1967; Anne O. Krueger, “The Political Economy of the Rent-seeking Society,” American Economic Review, Vol.44, 1974; Douglass C. North, Structure and Change in Economic History, New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1981; Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities, New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1982; Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990等。
[13] 如:Robert Bates, Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981; Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988等。
[14] 如:John Zysman, Governments, Markets, and Growth: Financial Systems and the Politics of Industrial Change, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1983; Peter Katzenstein. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1985; Frederic C. Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987; Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990; Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and IndustrialTtransformation, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995等。
[15] 如:Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987; Stephen Gill, and David Law, The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems and Policies, New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Tokyo and Singapore: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988; Susan Strange, States and Markets, London: Pinter Publishers, 1988; Herman M. Schwartz, States versus Markets: The Emergence of a Global Economy, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000; Gilpin, Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001; Theodore H. Cohn, Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice, 2nd Edition, New York: Longman, 2003等等。
[16] 如:陈必达、许月梅:《国际政治关系经济学》,兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1996年版;宋新宁、陈岳:《国际政治经济学概论》,21世纪国际政治系列教材,北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999年版;彭澎:《国际政治经济学》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001年版;程毅、夏安凌、韩玉贵:《国际经济政治概论》,面向21世纪课程教材,北京:高等教育出版社,2001年版;樊勇明:《西方国际政治经济学》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年版;王正毅、张岩贵:《国际政治经济学:理论范式与现实经验研究》,北京:商务印书馆,2003年版等。
[17] Rand Smith, “International Economy and State Strategies: Recent Work in Comparative Political Economy,” Comparative Politics, Vol.25, No.3, 1993, p.352.
[18] Margaret Levi, “The Economic Turn in Comparative Politics,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol.33, No.6/7, 2000, p.822.
[19] James E. Alt, “Comparative Political Economy: Credibility, Accountability, and Institutions,” in Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner, eds., Political Science: The State of the Discipline, New York: Norton; Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association, 2002.
[20] 仅有的这样的几本书是:Jan-Erik Lane and Svante Ersson, Comparative Political Economy: A Developmental Approach, London and Washington: Pinter, 1990 and 1997; Ronald H. Chilcote, Theories of Comparative Political Economy, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000; [美]罗纳德·H·奇尔科特著,高铦、高戈译:《比较政治经济学理论》,政治理论译丛,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001年版; Charles Kindleberger, Comparative Political Economy : A Retrospective, Cambridge (Mass.) and London: MIT Press, 2000。