中东局势的严重恶化和美国的“大中东计划”面临的困境使美国国内关于中东政策的反思和辩论变得空前激烈。2006年3月,哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的网站上发表的约翰·米尔斯海默(John Mearsheimer)和史蒂芬·沃尔特(Stephen Walt)的研究报告《以色列游说集团和美国外交政策》(The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy )就代表了美国国内的这种浪潮[1]。
经历这场辩论,美国犹太人中的强硬派、尤其新保守派不能不有所顾虑。但以色列游说集团的实力依然强大。美国犹太人不可能放弃对以色列的关切,他们为以色列游说也符合美国政治的游戏规则。美国的民意仍然向着以色列一边倒,还未出现重大转变的迹象。而且,基督教福音派正在加强为以色列游说的努力。据以色列《国土报》报道,最近美国的基督教福音派建立了一个名为“基督徒以色列之友联合会”(Christians United For Israel)新的以色列游说组织。以美国国内强大的福音派为依托,其组织者要将该组织打造成AIPAC的基督教版本。[34] 新保守派仍将是以色列政坛一股强大的势力,因为规模更大、更自信、更保守的新一代新保守派群体已经形成。
1. 几乎同时,该报告更浓缩的版本以“以色列游说集团”(The Israel Lobby)为题在英国很有影响的杂志《伦敦书评》(London Review of Books)上发表。
2. 绝大多数新保守派成员为持强硬立场的美国犹太知识精英。
3. Michael Massing, “The Storm over the Israel Lobby”, in The New York Review of Books, Volume 53, Number 10 ,June 8, 2006.
4. Caroline B. Glick, “The Jewish threat” , in The Jewish World Review, March 24, 2006.
5. “In Dark Times, Blame the Jews”, in Forward, March 24, 2006.
6. Alan Dershowitz, “Debunking the Newest— and Oldest— Jewish Conspiracy: a Reply to the Mearshaimer-Walt ‘Working Paper’”, April 2006. http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/research/working_ papers/dershowitzreply.pdf.
7. Dore Gold, “The Basis of the U.S.-Israel Alliance An Israeli Response to the Mearsheimer -Walt Assault”, In JERUSALEM ISSUE BRIEF, Vol. 5, No. 20 , March 24 ,2006.
8. “The War over Israel’s Influence”, in Foreign Policy, July/Augest 2006.
9. “Mearsheimer and Walt’s Anti-Israel Screed: A Relentless Assault in Scholarly Guise”, www.adl.org, March 24, 2006.
10. Eliot A. Cohen, “Yes, It’s Anti-Semitic”, in Washington Post, April 5, 2006.
11. Ruth R. Wisse, “Israel Lobby”, in The Wall Street Journal, March 22, 2006.
12. Shmuel Rosner, “Harvard distances itself from criticism of Israel lobby”, in Haaretz, March 24, 2006.
13. Eric Alterman , “AIPAC’s Complaint”, in The Nation, May 1, 2006 .
14. Michael Massing, “The Storm over the Israel Lobby”, in The New York Review of Books, Volume 53, Number 10, June 8, 2006.
15. Betty McCollum, “A Letter to AIPAC”, in The New York Review of Books, Volume 53, Number 10, June 8, 2006.
16. Tony Judt, “A Lobby, Not a Conspiracy”, in New York Times, April 19, 2006.
17. Tony Judt, “Why Israel couldn’t always Rely on America’s Helping Hand”, in Financial Times, May 23, 2006.
18. Dimitri K. Simes , “Unrealists”, in The National Interest, Summer 2006.
19. “The War over Israel’s Influence”, in Foreign Policy, July/Augest 2006.
20. Michael Lind, “Distorting U.S. Foreign Policy: The Israel Lobby and American Power”, in Prospect, April 2002.
21. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, "An unnecessary war," in Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb 2003.
22. Stephen Walt, “Realists Are Not Alone in Opposing War With Iraq”, in Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 49 Issue 12, 11/15/2002.
24. John Mearsheimer, “Hans Morgenthau and the Iraq war: realism versus neo-conservatism”, www.openDemocracy.net, April 21, 2005. See also: “Interview with John J. Mearsheimer”, in International Relations, Vol.20 (2), 2006.
25. Stephen M. Walt, “The Blame Game”, in Foreign Policy, Nov./Dec. 2005.
26. “Interview with John J. Mearsheimer”, in International Relations, Vol.20 (1),2006.
27. [美]约翰·米尔斯海 默著,王义桅、唐小松译:《大国政治的悲剧》,上海人民出版社,2003年3月版,第4页。See Also: John J. Mearsheimer, “China’s Unpeaceful Rise”, in Current History, April, 2006.
28. Charles Krauthammer, Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World, (The AEI Press, 2004), p. 17.