英国的国际关系学界在国际关系理论知识的生产上确实是有成效的,这得益于英国的国际关系学界有效地利用了自身的知识比较优势,但真正的知识优势转化为特色性的知识成果还离不开知识人才的能动努力和学术制度的人为建设配置。事实上,英国学派确实具有相对集中的人才,英国学派集中了一些至关重要的学者,如:曼宁(CharlesManning) 、怀特、布尔、文森特、沃特森以及一些最近的贡献者——胡瑞尔(Andrew Hurrel) , 杜尼( Tim Dunne) 、布赞和利特尔(Richard Little)等。而且,这些学者基本上形成了一种知识上的传承关系。这样的专业联系或私人联系最初形成于伦敦经济学院的国际关系学系内部,后来扩展至其他机构,尤其是在具有很强的排他性的英国国际政治理论委员会(British Committee on the Theory of International Politics)内也形成了这样的密切联系。在学术制度方面,在20世纪40年代和50年代,英国的国际关系学知识发展的最突出的成果——英国学派的最初知识家园开始于伦敦经济学院。1959年在洛克菲勒基金会的资助下,英国国际政治理论委员会建立起来了。在后来的英国学派的演进发展过程中,它的制度中心地位是很明显的,是英国学派的一个轴心性的制度家园。而且,英国学派的理论议题和研究方法都是在它的计划指导下进行的。“英国国际政治理论委员会的繁荣发展不仅仅是因为它有着好的思想和优秀的人才,而且还因为它有着好的运作方式。它创立了一种知识共同体感,创设了一系列的研究重点。”[22]这样的长期努力的结果就是英国学派所生产的知识在冷战后基本上是在国际市场上被消费,“英国学派变成真正是跨国性的,它不再局限于一个岛国,而是拥有居住在北美(尤其是加拿大) 、挪威、德国、意大利和澳大利亚的许多忠心支持者。”[23]英国学派也日益成为当代国际关系学讨论中不可回避的知识成果了,尤其是当涉及对国际秩序、国际正义、国际社会的构成等大问题时,英国国际关系学就具有明显的知识优势。
1966年,北欧部长理事会同意成立北欧合作委员会以推动国际政治的研究。北欧合作委员会推动了北欧地区国际关系学者之间的合作,而且还在地区层面上出版了具有影响力的杂志《合作与冲突》(Cooperation and Conflict) 。虽然在1990年,北欧合作委员会解体,但是,北欧地区的合作研究却已经形成了自己的内在动力,研究合作仍在继续。1991年,北欧国际研究学会( the Nordic International StudiesAssociation)成立,这成为北欧地区国际关系研究合作的新的制度家园。同时,北欧学者还极大的使自己的网络活动多样化,积极参加美国、英国和欧洲大陆其他国家的学术活动。北欧的国际关系学者拥有多种途径来展现他们的学术成果。他们通过英美的编辑体系来出版书籍和发表文章,从而进入世界学术市场。[46] 他们又通过与其他欧洲国家学者的联系来创立一个统一性的欧洲国际关系学者共同体。[47] 北欧国家的学者还通过在地区范围内的合作和北欧地区的杂志如《合作与冲突》、《和平研究杂志》( the Journal of Peace Research) 、《斯堪的纳维亚政治研究》(S candinavian Politica l S tudies)等来发表自己的成果。同时,北欧学者还拥有着国内的学术市场。可见,北欧的国际关系学者同时在几个不同的层次上开展活动和合作。
北欧地区在国际关系中观理论上产生了一些有特色的知识成果。首先,也是最为人所瞩目的就是北欧的“和平研究”,可以说,北欧地区在和平研究方面居于学术领先地位。加尔通( John Galtung)也成为和平研究的具有国际声望的学者。可以说,在北欧,和平研究是上升到了学科的高度,甚至与国际关系学处于一种并行地位。在北欧,“国际关系学与和平研究之间的争论是国际关系学者与和平研究者的身份形成过程的建构方式之一。”[51]其次,以布赞和维弗尔(OleWaever)为中心的安全研究“哥本哈根学派”也是北欧地区的颇具吸引力的知识成果,可以说,北欧学者所开创的建构主义安全研究是北欧的特色知识成果。再次,“外交政策分析、谈判研究、国际合作研究是斯堪的纳维亚人获得成功的领域”[52],但同时,这些被确认为是斯堪的纳维亚的成就的领域都带有强烈的美国、英国与斯堪的纳维亚之间的研究协作的特性。另外,在许多其他分支领域,如“国际关系理论的哲学思考、国际关系观念史、国际关系的语义学分析、国际政治经济学”[53]等领域,北欧学者的知识活动也是引人注目的。
同时,在国际学术市场上,欧洲国际关系学所要建立的并不是一个整体性的知识成果,即一个所有的欧洲国家的国际关系学界都接受的统一的国际关系理论,而是要求欧洲要尽量以一个整体性的知识力量出现在国际学术市场中。这样的整体性的知识力量的一个很重要的体现方式和运用方式就是建立欧洲范围内的制度资源。正是在这一点上,整体性的欧洲国际关系学正在凸显出来。这样的制度配置就是20世纪90年代初在欧洲政治研究协会(European Consortium for Political Research)帮助下建立起来的欧洲范围内的“国际关系学常设小组”( Standing Group on International Relations) ,这一常设小组已经资助召开了多次泛欧的国际关系学会议,还创办了颇有影响的《欧洲国际关系杂志》( EuropeanJou rnal of International Relations) 。尽管这样的制度建构是在统一性的欧洲范围的,但是这决不意味着的欧洲的国际关系学的理论发展就是要建立一个统一的宏大理论,相反,欧洲的国际关系学的发展有赖于在欧洲内,各国家和地区产生有各自的知识传统特色或历史、现实实践特色的国别性的、地区性的国际关系理论。正是欧洲国际关系学的内在多元才可以确保它作为一个整体性的知识力量去突破美国的知识霸权压力,从而实现乃至确保欧洲国际关系学的知识解放。
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25.Barry Buzan, “The English School: An Underexp loited Resource in IR”, p.471.
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39.Marie2Claude Smouts, “The Study of International Relations in France”, p.225.
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59.A. J. R. Groom and PeterMandaville, “Hegemony and Autonomy in International Relations: the Continental Experience”, in RobertM. A. Crawford and Darryl S. L. Jarvis eds. , International Relations: S till an Am erican Social Science? p.163.作者: zzxrebecca 时间: 2009-7-20 22:35
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽作者: thunder88 时间: 2009-7-20 22:52
现在去对外经济贸易大学了吧作者: Huister 时间: 2009-8-9 16:23
写的很有深度