〔2〕Kwok Leung and Dean Tjosvold , eds . , Conf lict Management in the Asia Pacif ic : Assumptions and Approaches in Diverse cultures (J ohn Wiley &Sons (Aisa) Pte Ltd , 1998) , p . 5.
〔3〕Lewis A. Coser , The Function of Social Conf lict (New York Free Press , 1956) , p . 8.
〔3〕Anne2Marie Gardner , “Diagnosing Conf lict : What Do We Know ?”, in From Reaction to Conf lict Prevention : Opportunities for the U N System , ed. Fen Osler Hampson and David M. Malone (Lynne Rienner Pulishers , Inc. , 2002) , pp . 15240.
〔5〕Thomas L . Saaty and J oyce M. Alexander , Conf lict Resolution : The Analytic Hierarchy Approach ( New York : Greenwood Press Inc. , Preager Publishers , 1989 ) ,p . 3.
〔6〕Niklas Swanst r«m , Regional Cooperation and Conflict Management : Lessons f rom the Pacif ic Rim (Department of Peace and Conf lict Research , Uppsala University , 2002) , p . 31.
〔7〕Niklas L . P. Swanst rom &Mikael S. Weissmann ,“Conf lict , Conf lict Prevention and Conf lict Management and Beyond : a conceptual exploration”, Concept Paper (Summer 2005) ——作者发给本人的研究论文,特此致谢!
〔8〕本图形借鉴了瑞典学者的曲线模型。见瑞典乌普萨拉大学冲突与和平研究中心学者Niklas L . P. Swanst rom 和Mikael S. Weissmann ,“Conf lict , Conf lict Prevention and Conf lict Management and Beyond : a conceptual exploration ”; Michael S. Lund , Preventive Violent Conf licts : A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy (Washington , D. C. : United States Institute of Peace Press , 1996) , p . 38.
〔11〕并不是所有的冲突都具有完整的生命历程。关于冲突的其他形式可参见: Niklas L . P. Swanst rom , Mikael S. Weissmann , op . cit .
〔12〕同注释〔6〕, p . 20.
〔13〕Michael S. Lund ,“Early Warning and Preventive Diplomacy”, Managing Global Chaos : Sources of and Responses to International Conf lict , ed. Chester A. Crocker & Fen Osler Hampson with Pamela Aall (United States Institute of Peace Press ,1996) , p . 386.
〔14〕转引自Niklas Swanst r«m , Regional Cooperation and Conf lict Management : Lessons f rom the Pacif ic Rim , p . 21.
〔15〕Fred Tanner ,“Conf lict Prevention and Conf lict Resolution : Limits of Multilateralism”, International Review of the Red Cross (September , 2000) .
〔16〕William I. Zartman ,“Toward The Resolution of International Conf lict ”, in Peacemaking in International Conflict : Methods and Techniques , ed. William I. Zartman and Lewis J . Rasmussen ( United States Institute of Peace Press , 1997) , p . 11.
〔21〕Chester A. Crocker &Fen Osler Hampson with Pamela Aall , eds . , Managing Global Chaos : Sources of and Responses to International Conflict , p . 632.
〔22〕关于调停者的模式见William I. Zartman and Saadia Touval , International Mediation in the Post2Cold War Era , pp . 4532454.
〔23〕〔24〕同上,p . 450 , p . 452.
〔25〕Zartman 称之为“高原”。见William I. Zartman , Ripe for Resolution , 2nd ed. (New York : Oxf ord University Press , 1989) .
〔26〕Fen Olser Hampon ,“Why Orp haned Peace Settlements Are More Prone to Failure”, in Managing Global Chaos : Sources of and Responses to International Conf lict , p . 534.
〔27〕Jacob Bereovitch ,“Mediation In International Conf lict : An Overview of Theory , A Review of Practice”, in Peacemaking in International Conf lict : Methods and Techniques , p . 145.