[1] 20世纪80年代后期以来,贸易(经济相互依赖)到底是促进和平还是更容易导致军事冲突或战争的问题吸引了众多学者的注意力,他们从理论和实证分析的角度对此进行了分析和验证。由于分析方法、引入变量以及数据来源的不同,他们得出的结论也各不相同。与其说这些结论相互对立,不如说它们相互补充。相关文献参见: Solomon William Polachek, “Conflict and Trade, ”Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1980, pp. 55-78; Katherine Barbieri, “Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a Source of Interstate Conflict, ”Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, 1996, pp. 29-49; James Morrow, “How Could Trade Affect Conflict?”Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1999, pp. 481-489; Han Dorussen, “Balance of Power Revisited: A Multi-CountryModel of Trade and Conflict, ”Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1999, pp. 443-462。
[2]Neil R. Richardson, “International Trade as a Force for Peace, ” in Charles W. Kegley, J r. , ed. , Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004, p. 284.
[3]Barry Buzan, “Economic Structure and International Security: The Limits of the Liberal Case, ” International O rganization, Autumn 1984, p. 600.
[4]Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace, translated by Lewis W. Beck, Indinanpolois, Ind. : Bobbs-Merrill, 1957.
[5]Jeremy Bentham, Plan for Universal and Perpetual Peace, Cambridge: Grotius Society Publications, 1927, 转引自:Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew, “Liberal International Theory, ”in Charles W. Kegley, J r. , ed. , Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge, p. 114。
[7]斯宾塞的逻辑源于社会达尔文主义,他认为自由贸易就如同自然界的自然选择,它能够淘汰弱者,使强者生存,最终导致人类的共同进步。参见Herbert Spencer, Social S tatics: The Conditions Essential to Hum an Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed, New York: A. M. Kelley, 1969。
[8]MarkW. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew, “Liberal International Theory, ”p. 114.
[9]Richard Cobden, The Political W ritings of R ichard Cobden, London: T. Fischer Unwin, 1903, p. 225. 转引自: Dale C. Copeland, “Economic Interdependence and War, ”International Security, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1996, pp. 5-41.
[10]Norman Angell, The Great Illusion, London: G. P. Putnam, 1912, 转引自:Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew,“Liberal International Theory, ”p. 114。
[11]Norman Angell, The Great Illusion, 2nd ed. , New York: G. p. Putnam’s Sons, 1933, pp. 59 262, 转引自Dale C. Copeland, “Economic Interdependence and War, ”International Security, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1996, pp. 5-41。
[12]马克·扎克、理查德·马修的分类是:共和自由主义、相互依赖自由主义(商业自由主义和军事自由主义) 、认知自由主义、社会自由主义和制度自由主义。参见Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew,“Liberal International Theory”。
[13]Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State: Commerce andConquest in the Modern World, New York: Basic Books, 1986, pp. 13 214,24 225.
[14]Hidemi Suganami, The Domestic Analogy and World Order Proposals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 79.
[17]Neil R. Richardson, “International Trade as a Force for Peace, ” p. 285.
[18]Richard VanWagenen, Research in the International Organization Field: Some Notes on a Possible Focus, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, Center for Research on World Political Institutions, 1952, pp. 10-11.
[19]Karl W. Deutsch, et al. , Political Community and the North Atlantic Area, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 1957, pp. 5-7.
[25]Neil R. Richardson, “International Trade as a Force for Peace, ” p. 287.
[26]Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in theInterlinked Economy, New York: Harper Business, 1990.
[27]Robert Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for the21st Century Capitalism, New York: Knopf, 1991, pp. 159 2160.
[28]Neil R. Richardson, “International Trade as a Force for Peace, ” p. 289.
[29]现实主义者还有两种观点:一种是沿袭古典重商主义传统的现实主义者,他们认为贸易是一种非常有效地获取国家权力的途径,一国可以凭借贸易更有效地击败对手,或者更准确地说,贸易是一种借助于非对称性贸易优势来确立国家权力的方法。贸易的不对称性可以使优势的一方稳固权力,减少对另一方发动战争的可能性。持有这种观点的并非现实主义的主流(参见Klaus Knorr, Power and Wealth: The Political Economy of International Power, New York: Basic Books, Chapter 4,1973) 。另一种观点认为,国家出于对相对收益的担心,而不愿意在经济领域进行合作(参见约瑟夫·格里科:《无政府状态和合作的限度:对最近自由制度主义的现实主义评论》,载[美]大卫·鲍德温主编,肖欢容译:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社, 2001年版,第116页) 。但新自由制度主义者经过验证表明,相对收益并不会妨碍合作(参见当肯·斯奈德:《相对获益和国际合作的模式》,载大卫·鲍德温主编:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,第175页) 。
[30]John Mearsheimer, “Disorder Restored, ”in Graham Allison and Gregory F. Treverton, eds. , Rethinking America’s Security, New York: W. W. Norton, 1992, p. 223.
[31]Kenneth N. Waltz, “Conflict in World Politics, ” in Steven L. Sp iegel and Kenneth N. Waltz, eds. , Conflict in World Politics, Cambridge, Mass. : Winthrop, 1979, pp. 454-474.
[32]Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading, Mass. : Addison2Wesley, 1979.