在政治学和国际政治研究中,“地缘政治学”(geopolitics) 是一个被频繁使用的术语,其适用性宽泛,含义和角度也是多元的,这就使其含义和所指经常含混不清、模棱两可。在具体使用中,它可以指从环境决定论、政治研究的空间层面到单纯的思维方法这些各不相同的东西。[1]正如格雷(Colin S. Gray) 所认为的,“地缘政治学成了一个无所不装的思想篮子,这一术语可以随时被不负责任地滥用。”[2]本文的主要意图就是希望解答和验证这样一个核心问题,即地缘政治学的庞杂文献和多元视角中存在着秩序或条理。解答了这样一个问题,就回答了地缘政治学性质如何的问题。所以,很有必要对地缘政治学的思想进行梳理,区分其使用上的情境,厘清其概念的不同视角,发现其理论构建的脉络,挖掘其思想流派中包含的秩序和条理,以便达到对地缘政治学性质的认识。
[1]Patrick O’ Sullivan, Geopolitics , New York : St. Martin’s Press , 1986 , pp. 5 - 6.
[2]Colin S. Gray,“The Continued Primacy of Geography”, in Orbis , Spring ,1996 , p. 247.
[3]Yves Lacoste ,“Rivalries for Territory”, in Jacques Lévy (ed. ) , Geopolitics to Global Politics: A French Connection , London : Frank Cass , 2001 , p. 126.
[4][9][17][20][21] Geoffrey Parker , Geopolitics : Past , Present and Future , London and Washington : Pinter , 1998 , p. 24 , pp. 42 - 43 ,p. 18 ,p. 6 ,p. 57.
[5] 转引自Mark Polelle , Raising Cartographic Consciousness : The Social and Foreign Policy Vision of Geopolitics in the Twentieth Century , Lexington Books , 1999 , p. 139.
[6]参见[美]哈特向《地理学的性质》商务印书馆1996年版第504 —505 页。
[7]Geoffrey Parker ,“An Uneasy Relationship : Geography and Politics at the Turn of the Millennium”, in Political Geography , 20 (2001) , pp. 113 - 134.
[8][13][14][15][16]Colin S. Gray and Geoffrey Sloan ( eds. ) , Geopolitics , Geography and Strategy , London : Frank Cass , 1999 , p. 168 ,p. 110 ,p. 11 ,pp. 16 - 17 ,p. 168.
[10]G. T. Pearcy ,“Geopolitics and Foreign Relations”, Department of State Bulletin , March 3 , 1964 ,p. 319. from Mark Polelle , Raising Cartographic Consciousness : The Social and Foreign Policy Vision of Geopolitics in the Twentieth Century , Lexington Books , 1999 , p. 137.
[12]See Gearóid óTuathail , “Problematizing Geopolitics : Survey, Statesmanship and Strategy”, in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , Vol. 19 , 1994 , pp. 259 - 271.
[18]John Agnew , Geopolitics : Revisioning World Politics , London and New York : Routledge , 1999 , p. 1.
[19]see Gearóid óTuathail ,“Postmodern Geopolitics ? The Modern Geopolitical Imagination and beyond”, in Gearóid ó Tuathail and Simon Dalby ( eds. ) , Rethinking Geopolitics , London and New York , Routledge ,1998. pp. 21 - 22.