在实践伦理或应用伦理学的层面,即从与政治领导人的作为直接相关的对外政策实践或英国学者常说的“治国方略”(ethics of statecraft)的角度看,对于道德和伦理原则是否能够或是否应该在国际事务中起作用,如何处理各种伦理两难困境,尤其是围绕目的与手段之关系这个基本问题,至少有三种不同的立场:非道德主义、道德完美主义和非完美主义。非完美主义者采用的是形势伦理(situational ethics),即认为国际伦理问题并无简单、明确的答案,主要取决于特定的情形以及决策者在该情形下所追求的目标的性质,或如沃尔弗斯所言,非完美主义不是要求遵循绝对的道德准则,而是做出“环境所允许的最佳道德选择”32。许多经典现实主义者或道德现实主义者就持这种立场33。英国学派总体上也属于非完美主义。
2 此外还有J. Miller and R. Vincent eds., Order and Violence: Hedley Bull and International Relations, Oxford, Clarendon,1990; H. Bull, B. Kingsbury and A Roberts, eds, Hugo Grotius and International Relations, Oxford, Clarendon,1990.
3 主要成果有Michael Donelan, ed., The Reason of States, London, 1978; idem, Elements of International Political Theory, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990; James Mayall, ed., The Community of States,London, 1982; idem, Nationalism and International Society, Cambridge University Press, 1990; Cornelia Navari, ed., The Condition of States, Buckingham, 1991.
5 Ole W?ver, "Four Meanings of International Society: A Trans-Atlantic Dialogue", in B. A. Roberson ed., International Society and the Development of International Relations Theory, London, 1998, pp.85-89.
6 Tim Dunne, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School, London Macmillan, 1998, Chapter 1; Roger Epp, "The English School on the Frontiers of International Society: A Hermeneutic Recollection", Review of International Studies, 1998, 24, 47-63.
7 Robert Jackson and George S?rensen, eds., Introduction to International Relations, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.152.
8Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions, New York, 1992, pp.13-24.
9详见Hedley Bull, "International Theory: The Case for A Classical Approach", World Politics 18/3 (April 1966), pp.361-377。
10 Hedley Bull,“Theory of International Politics, 1919-1969”, in B. Poter ed., The Aberystwyth Papers, International Politics, 1919-1969 , London, 1972, pp. 30-50.
11 Barry Buzan, "The English School as a Research Program", December 1999. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/polis/egnlishschool; Richard Little, "The English School’s contribution to the study of international relations", European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 3., 2000.
12 A. Linklater, Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations, London, 1990, pp. 8-10.
14 Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, eds., The Expansion of International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984, p.1.
15 Jackson and S?rensen, op.cit., p.147.
16 Wight, International Theory, pp. xiv, xvii-xviii, chapter 12.
17 Ole W?ver, "International Society - Theoretical Promises Unfulfilled?", Cooperation and Conflict, 27:1 (1992), p.98.
18 Wight, International Theory, pp.45, 223-228; Jackson and S?rensen, eds., op.cit., pp.150-151.
19 Christian Reus-Smit, "Imagining society: constructivism and the English School", British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 4, No. 3, October 2002; 布赞答记者问, http://www.wmin.ac.uk/csd/images/ old%20pages/bb%20interview.htm.
20 参考Barry Buzan, "The English School as a Research Program"; Tim Dunne, "New thinking on international society", British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol.3, No.2, June 2001, pp. 223-244.
22 H. Butterfield and M. Wight eds., Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics, Harvard University Press, 1966, pp.11-13.
23 Martin Wight, "Why is there no International Theory? ", in Butterfield and Wight, eds., ibid, p.20.
24 Wight, "Western Values in International Relations", in Butterfield and Wight eds., ibid, p.103; Wight, "Why Is There No International Theory", in ibid, p. 33.
25 Bull, "International Relations as An Academic Pursuit", The Australian Outlook, 26 (1972), p.262; 布尔:《无政府社会》,北京大学出版社2003年版,第15页。
26 Hedley Bull, "Martin Wight and the Theory of International Theory", in Wight, International Theory, pp. xi, xx-xxiii.
27 Richard Little, "The English School’s contribution to the study of international relations".
28 Martin Wight, International Theory, pp. xi-xii, 7-24, 233-258; 布尔:《无政府社会》,第19-21页。
29 Bull, "The Grocian Conception of International Society", in Butterfield and Wight, op.cit., p.42; Vincent, Nonintervention and International Order, Princeton University Press, 1974, p.24; 詹姆斯?马亚尔:《世界政治》,江苏人民出版社2004年版,第4页。
30 Wight, International Theory, p.14;Bull, "The Importance of Grocius in the Study of International Relations", in Bull et al., eds., Hugo Grocius and International Relations, Oxford, 1992, pp. 65-94; Bull, Justice and International Relations, Hagey Lectures, University of Waterloo, 1984, pp.12-14; John Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 55, 125;
31详见A. Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era, Cambridge: Polity, 1998.
32 Arnold Wolfers, "Statesmanship and Moral Choice," World Politics, Vol.1, No. 2 (Jan, 1949): 178.
34 详见Wight, International Theory, pp.241-258; 较新的集中论述见英国学派新一代学者Robert Jackson, "The Situational Ethics of Statecraft", in Cathal Nolan, ed., Ethics and Statecraft, Praeger, 1995, pp.21-35.
37学派成员诺伊曼等指出,英国学派对历史的专注,与英国外交政策的辉煌历史和当前的颓唐景象有关,英国学派的“现实主义”比美国的现实主义更富启发性,也与英美不同的权势状况有关。Neuman and W?ver, The Future of International Relations, London, 1997, p.42.
38 斯坦利·霍夫曼:“重新思考‘无政府社会’”。
39 John Vincent, "The Factor of Culture in the Global International Order," in Yearbook of World Affairs, 34, London, 1980, pp. 252-264; Bull, "Theory of International Politics, 1919-1969", in Brian Porter ed., op.cit., pp.54-55; B. Buzan and R. Little, International Systems in World History, Oxford University Press, 2000, pp.20-21.
40 邓恩甚至认为,英国学派近期的学术发展表明,50-80年代那种主流的牛津剑桥面貌业已消失。Tim Dunne, "New thinking on international society".