如上所述,世界上不只存在一种对IPE的理解。我认为只有“IPE批评理论”才能为区域研究与全球化下的IPE研究提供方法论与存在论工具。IPE批评理论从这样的假定出发,国内与国际、经济与政治的部门划分应该被打破。IPE批评理论的核心是关注结构与能动者(structure and agency)之间的关系(虽然并非坚持这两者的分家,[20]但这却是在试图重塑古典政治经济学的精神)。[21]
在某些方面,我们必须后退一步,考虑全球政治经济中非国家行为体日益增加的权力背后的政治方面。首先,我们要考虑非国家行为体如何拥有了这种权力。斯特兰奇声称跨国公司是促进全球化生产的关键角色,“这不是偶然的。权威从国家转移到市场在很大程度上一直是各个国家政策的结果。这不是说跨国公司偷了国家政府的权力,而是政府以所谓‘国家的理由’(Reasons of state)拱手把权力交给跨国公司。”斯特兰奇继续论述到,即使是美国也不能控制跨国公司的巨大力量,反而,世界上最强有力的政府发现自己已受跨国公司的限制。尽管如此,事实是,经济结构最初的自由化却是建立在政治选择与决策基础上的。[40]
[1] For a good recent account of the literature on globalisation and the state,see Hobson,J.and Ramesh,M.(2002)‘Globalisation Makes of States What States Make of It:Between Agency and Structure in the State/Globalisation Debate"New Political Economy,7 (1) 2002:5-22.
[2] Payne,A.and Gamble,A.(1996)‘Introduction:The Political Economy of Regionalism and World Order’in A.Gamble and A.Payne (eds).,Regionalism and World Order.Basingstoke:Macmillan:1-20.
[3] Ohmae, K.(1995),The End of the Nation State.London:Harper Collins.
[4] Breslin,S.(2000)‘Decentralisation,Globalisation and China"s Partial Re-engagement with the Global Economy’,New Political Economy,5 (2):205-226.
[5] For a recent example,see,Geeraerts,G.and Men Jing (2001),‘International Relations Theory in China’,Global Society,15 (3):251-276.
[6] Zhang Yongjin (2000),The‘English School"in China:A Story Of How Ideas Travel And Are Transplanted’.Department of International Relations RSPAS,ANU:Working Paper No.2000/4.
[7] Knudsen argues that both Ruggie and Wendt‘accept more or less implicitly the main tenets of realism’,and that the gap between a social constructivist reading of international politics and mainstream traditionalism seems smaller than the argumentative rhetoric would lead us to expect……I have very little problem with anything set forth by either Ruggie or Wendt in these two solid books,except that the specifications they advocate seem to add little of consequence to the theories they want to improve.See,Knudsen,O.(2001),‘Transcending a Fruitless Debate:Towards a Delimitation of Competing Paradigms" http://www.sh.se/statsvetenskap/files/knudsen.doc.
[8] Song Xinning (2001),‘Building International Relations Theory with Chinese Characteristics’,Journal of Contemporary China 10 (26):61-74,p.71.
[9] Zhu Wenli (2001),‘International Political Economy from a Chinese Angle’,Journal of Contemporary China,10 (26):45-54.
[10] Song Xinning and Chan,G (2000),‘International Relations Theory In China’in Weixing Hu,Gerald Chan and Daojiong Zha (2000) China"s International Relations in the 21st Century:Dynamics of Paradigm Shift.Lanham:University Press of America.
[11] Strange,S.(1990),‘The Name of the Game’in Nicholas Rizopoulos (ed.) Sea-Changes:American Foreign Policy in a World Transformed.New York:Council on Foreign Relations.
[12] Cox,R.(1990), Power,Production and World Order.New York:Columbia University Press.
[13] Johnston, A.and Ross, R.(eds) (1999), Engaging China the Management of an Emerging Power. London: Routledge.
[14] The requirement to publish within disciplinary journals for career enhancement provides an important part of the explanation here.
[15] Cumings, B. (1997),‘Boundary Displacement: Area Studies and International Studies during and after the Cold War’Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 29 (1):6-26.
[16] Gamble, A., Payne, A., Hoogvelt, A., Dietrich, M.and Kenny, M.(1996)‘Editorial: New Political Economy’New Political Economy 1 (1):5-11.
[17] Kasaba,R.(1998),‘Towards a New International Studies’,http://jsis.artsci.Washington.edu/programs/is/toanewis.html
[18] Kasaba, R.(1998),‘Towards a New International Studies’.See http://jsis.artsci.Washington.edu/programs/is/toanewis.html
[19] See,for example,Gills and Philip (1996),-a special issue of The Third World Quarterly,which assessed how different embedded historical,political, social and‘cultural’contexts led to different developmental outcomes in developing states notwithstanding similar internationalising contexts.In particular,see Gills and Philip (1996b) for a conceptual overview,and Breslin (1996) for a case study of China.
[20] Wood,E.(1981),‘The Separation of the Economic and the Political in Capitalism’,New Left Review (127).
[21] Gamble,A.(1995),‘The New Political Economy’,Political Studies,43 (3):516-30.
[22] Hurrell,A.and Woods,N.(1995),‘Globalisation and Inequality’,Millenium 24 (3),p.149.
[23] Hettne,B and S?Derbaum,F.(2000),‘Theorising the Rise of Regionness’New Political Economy,5 (3):457-473.
[24] Payne,A.(1998),‘The New Political Economy of Area Studies’Millennium,27 (2):253-273.
[25] There are around 100 published books in English alone where the main focus is to discuss the relationship in one way or another,but the classic remains strange (1994a).
[26] Van Wolferen,K.(1990),The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York:Vintage).
[27] Deans,P.(1997),Japan-Taiwan Relations,1972-1992:Virtual Diplomacy and the Separation of Politics and Economics.University of Newcastle upon Tyne:PhD thesis.
[28] Polanyi,K.(1944),The Great Transformation.Rinehart & Company.
[29] Coates,D.(2000),Models of Capitalism:Growth and Stagnation in the Modern Era.Oxford:Blackwell.
[30] Crouch, C. and Streeck, W. (eds) (1997),Political Economy of Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and Diversity. London: Sage.
[31] Berger,S.and Dore,R.(eds) (1996),National Diversity and Global Capitalism.Cornell University Press.
[32] For example,Mittleman (1999),Hettne (1999),Hettne and S?derbaum (2000),Breslin and Higgott (2000),and Schultz,S?derbaum,and ?jendal (2001).
[33] Hirst,P.and Thompson,G.(1999),Globalization in Question.Cambridge:Polity.
[35] Hurrell,A.(1995),‘Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism In World Politics’Review of International Studies (21),p.345.
[36] Wang Yizhou (2000),‘Political Stability and International Relations in the Process of Economic Globalisation’.
[37] Bernard,M and Ravenhill,J.(1995),‘Beyond Product Cycles and Flying Geese:Regionalization,Hierarchy,and the Industrialization of East Asia’,World Politics (47):171-209.
[38] Specifically,Cox,R.(1981),‘Social Forces,States and World Orders:Beyond International Relations Theory’in Millennium (10),Cox,R.(1983)‘Gramsci,Hegemony and International Relations:An Essay in Method"in Millennium (12) and Cox,R.(1990),Power,Production and World Order.New York:Columbia University Press.
[39] Payne,A.and Gamble,A.(1996),‘Introduction:The Political Economy of Regionalism and World Order’in A.Gamble and A.Payne (eds) Regionalism and World Order.Basingstoke:Macmillan:1-20,p.15.
[40] Strange,S.(1996),The Retreat of the State.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,pp.44-45.
[41] Bowles,P.(1997),‘ASEAN,AFTA and the New Regionalism’,Pacific Affairs 70 (2):219-233.Though in light of the financial crises of 1997,a feature of the new‘new regionalism’is an attempt to moderate to excesses of unrestrained capitalism.See Breslin,S.,Hughes,C.,Phillips,N.and Rosamond,B.(eds) (2002) New Regionalisms in the Global Political Economy:Theories and Cases.London:Routledge.
[42] Sklair,L.(1995),Sociology of the Global System.Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press,pp.135-136.
[43] Cox,R.(1999),‘Civil Society at the Turn of the Millennium:Prospects for an Alternative’,Review of International Studies,25 (1),p.12.
[44] 53 Hook (2000),‘Building Yellow Sea Bridges:Kyushu"s role in Sino-Japanese Relations’Conference Paper cited with author"s permission and Rozman,G.(1998)‘Flawed Regionalism:Reconceptualizing Northeast Asia in the 1990s"The Pacific Review,11 (1).
[45] Naughton,B.(ed) (1997),The China Circle:Economics and Electronics in the PRC,Taiwan,and Hong Kong.Washington:Brookings.Hamilton,G.(ed) (2000) Cosmopolitan Capitalists.Seattle:University of Washington Press.
[46] Smart,A.(2000),‘The Emergence of Local Capitalisms in China:Overseas Chinese Investment and Pattern of Development’in Si-Ming Li and Wing-Shing Tang (eds) China"s Regions,Polity,& Economy:A Study of Spatial Transformation in the Post-Reform Era.Hong Kong:UHKP,p.74.
[47] Sassen,S.(1999),‘Embedding the Global in the National:Implications for the Role of the State’in David Smith,Dorothy Solinger and Steven Topik (eds) States and Sovereignty in the Global Economy.London:Routledge, p.167.