二是因为国际关系研究历来都有“大国研究的偏见” ( great power bi2as) ,认为只有研究系统层次上的大国关系,才能真正掌握与解释对国际关系有着至关重要影响的战争、和平与合作等重大问题。沃尔兹就曾明确指出: “国际政治的一般理论必然是着眼于大国关系。”[6] 列维(J ack Levy) 则强调: “均势理论及其相关假设总的来说,就是大国行为的国际关系理论。”[7]其结果是跨区域的大国关系远比单纯的“区域安全”更重要,“区域安全”的主题往往也是研究大国在区域层次上的互动与行为,并总结这些互动和行为对系统层次上大国关系的意义和作用。区域在国际关系研究中充其量只是不同的“政治单位”、“经济单位”和“地理单位”,而不是真正的“分析单位”,更不是方法论中得到公认的“结构单位”。在比较政治研究中,跨区域的比较更是少而又少。国际关系理论的“大国偏好”在很大程度上是冷战的产物。二战后的冷战结构使得不同的区域被压缩到美苏两个超级大国全球对抗的世界体系之中,区域的发展历程在很大程度上直接受制于美苏全球战略需要和这两个超级大国的直接影响。区域的特点在相当程度上被这样的两极结构所淹没了。正如赫德利·布尔( Hedley Bull) 所言: “只有冷战后的世界,才能成为更加区域化的国际系统。”[8]
冷战结束以后,“区域”在挣脱了美苏世界性对峙的束缚之后,在国际关系中的意义和作用不断地增强。这一方面是冷战的结束让区域问题的解决和区域的发展成为了世界政治最重要的动力。冷战后的单极体系虽然是国际系统的权力结构特征,但各个区域对单极体系的反应却非常不同。美国的单极霸权影响区域事务的方式也发生了很大的变化,正在从冷战时代为了抵消苏联的全球扩张而进行的直接区域卷入和干预,变成有选择的前沿驻军、预防性防御、军事和“平衡者”角色。正如卡赞斯坦( Peter J1 Katzenstein)所言,世界正在成为“区域的世界”,不同区域自身回应和解决各种安全与发展问题的方式让世界政治有了展示其未来的真正“钥匙”。对“世界政治的解答就是对美国主导下的区域世界的探索”。[9] 不分析不同的区域特点,冷战结束的国际关系意义就无法得到清楚的表述和认识。
另一方面,目前的全球化进程对世界各个区域的作用十分不同。这不仅是指不同区域所经历的全球化程度不同,全球化对各国政策与自主性的影响也十分不同,更重要的是不同区域的政治经济与社会构造迥异。分析全球化所导致的国际关系后果,只有在区域研究的基础上才能有一个准确的判断。[10]“全球化”并不能作为一种“系统要素”,难以跨区域地对所有的地区产生同样的影响。因此,世界政治结构中的区域性差异已经开始出现,全球不同区域的不同发展历程本身是当代国际关系最重要的发展内涵。只有将“区域”当作基本的“分析单位” ( unit of analysis) ,才能更好地解答和检测全球化以及冷战的结束所导致的影响和作用。[11] 如果将区域作为一个独立的分析单位和分析层次,那么,国际安全理论甚至整个国际关系理论,都需要逐步发展出一种“中间领域理论” (mid2range theory) ,以便能更好地对应解释包括东亚安全在内的不同区域的不同安全问题。这已经成为冷战结束以来安全研究中正在不断扩大的一种观念和努力。[12] 1992 年,美国总统布什提出建立“世界新秩序”倡议时,两位丹麦学者就提出了“谁的秩序”的疑问,认为世界政治中的不同区域由于对全球化和冷战终结的感觉与反应不同,对“新秩序”的理解取决于区域内部“社会性交往关系” ( societal relations) 中不同行为者的互动过程。[13] 为此,《国际研究评论》季刊曾专门组织讨论,发出了加强国际关系理论中区域层次研究的呼吁。[14]
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[2] 冷战后总结东亚安全研究的理论与方法的代表性论述 ,参见 G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno , eds. , International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacif ic, Columbia University Press , 2003 ; Samuel S. Kim, ed. , The International Relations of Northeast Asia, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. , 2004 ; J. J. Suh , et al. , eds. , Rethinking Security in East Asia: Identity, Power and Ef f iciency , Stanford University Press , 2004.
[3]关于冷战后东亚未来安全格局的研究 ,参见 Michael E. Brown , et al. , eds. , East Asian Se- curity : An International Security Reader, MIT Press , 1996 ; Michael E. Brown , et al. , eds. , Rise of China: An International Security Reader, MIT Press , 1999 ; Sheldon W. Simon , ed. , The Many Faces of Asian Security , Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc. ,2001; Muthiah Alagappa,ed. , Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press , 2003.
[4] Kennet h N. Waltz , The Man, State and War, Columbia University Press , 1957 , p. 238.
[5] Donald Gordon , et al.,“An ISP Symposium on Power,Wealth and GlobalOrder:An International Relations Textbook for Africa”, International Studies Perspectives , Vol.3, No.3 , August 2002 , pp. 2352257.
[6] Kennet h N.Waltz , Theory of International Politics , Reading , Mass: Addison-Wesley , 1979, p.73.
[7] Jack S.Levy , WarintheModernGreat PowerSystem, University of Kentucky Press , 1983 , p.xi.
[9] Peter J.Katzenstein , A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium, Cornell University Press , 2006 , pp. xi-xiii.
[10] 有关全球化对不同区域的影响以及不同区域对全球化的不同反应 ,参见 Paul Hirst and Gra2 hame Thompson ,“The Problem of ‘Globalization’: International Economic Relations , National Eco2 nomic Management and the Formation of Trading Blocs”, Economy and Society , Vol.21, No.3, 1992 , pp.2582359; Gene M.Lyons and Michael Mastanduno , eds., Beyond Westphalia?StateSover2 eignty and International Intervention, Johns Hopkins University , 1995.
[11] Hans2Henrik Holm and Georg Sorensen , eds., Whose World Order ? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War , Westview Press , 1995 , pp.129.
[12] Alastair Iain Johnston ,“Conclusions and Extensions : Towards Mid2Range Theorizing and Be2 yond Europe”, International Organization, Vol.59, Fall2005,pp.101321044.
[13] Hans2Henrik Holm and Georg Sorensen , eds., Whose World Order ? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War.
[14] Robert B.Woyach , “The New Theoretical Challenge : Encompassing Regional Diversity”, Mershon International Studies Review , Vol.40, No.3 , Winter 1996 , pp.33923411
[15] 综合新现实主义、新自由主义和建构主义三种理论来分析东亚安全的研究成果 ,参见 J1J.Suh , et al., Rethinking Security in East Asia: Identity, Power and Ef ficiency; Samuel S.Kim , ed., The International Relations of Northeast Asia.
[16] Sheldon Simon , ed., The Many Faces of Asian Security , p.3.
[17] Van Evera ,“PrimedforPeace: EuropeaftertheColdWar”, International Security , Vol.15 , No.3 , Winter 1990/ 9., pp.7257.
[18] Aaron L.Driedberg ,“Ripefor Rivalry: Prospectsfor PeaceinaMultipolarAsia”, pp.29233 ; John Duffield ,“Asia2Pacific Security Institutions in Comparative Perspective”, in Ikenberry and Mastanduno , eds., International Relations Theory and the Asia Pacific, pp.243-270.
[20] Aaron L.Driedberg ,“Ripefor Rivalry: Prospectsfor Peaceina Multipolar Asia”, pp.29233 ; Thomas Christensen ,“China , the U.S.∃ Japan Alliance and the Security Dilemma in East Asia”, In2 ternational Security , Vol.23, No.4 , Spring 1999 , pp.49280 ; Richard J.Samuels , Securing J apan : Tok yo’s Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia, Cornell University Press , 2007.
[21] Gilbert Rozman , Northeast Asia’s Stunted Regionalism : Bilateral Distrust in the Era of Globalization , Cambridge University Press , 1999.
[22] Tong Whan Park ,“Regions Matters : The Return of Power Politics in East Asia”, Mershon International Studies Review , Vol.40, No.3 , Winter 1996 , pp.3432345.
[23] Joseph S.Nye ,“The ‘Nye Report’: Six Years Later”, International Relations of the Asia Pacif ic , Vol.1, No.., January 200., p.95.
[24] Robert S. Ross ,“The Geography of the Peace: East Aisa in the Twenty-First Century”, In- ternational Security , Vol. 23, No. 4 , Spring 1999 , pp. 49-80; Andrew Nathan and Robert S. Ross , Great Wall and Empty Fortress , W. W. Norton & Company , 1999.
[25] Avery Goldstein ,“Great Expectations : Interpreting China’s Arrival”, International Securi- ty , Vol. 22, No. 3 , Winter 1997/ 98 , pp. 36-73 ; Robert S. Ross ,“China as Conservative Power”, Foreign A f f airs , Vol. 77, No. 3, 1997, pp. 24-36 ; Avery Goldstein , Rising to the Challenge : Chi- na’s Grand Strategy and International Security , Stanford University , 2005 ; Zbigniew Brzezinski , “Clash of the Titans”, Foreign Policy , No. 146 , January/ February 2005 , pp. 46-50.
[26] Aaron L. Driedberg ,“Ripefor Rivalry: Prospectsfor PeaceinaMultipolarAsia”,p. 5.
[27] Kennet h N. Waltz , Theory of International Politics , p. 161.
[28] Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder ,“Chain Gang and Passed Buck : Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multi-polarity”, International Organization, Vol. 44, No. 2 , Spring 1990 , p. 168.
[29] John Mearsheimer , The Tragedy of Great Power Politics , Norton & Company , W. W. 2001.
[30] Richard Betts,“Wealth , Power and Instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War”, pp. 24-77.
[31] Michael T. Klare ,“The Next Great Arms Race”, Foreign A f f airs , Vol. 72, No. 3 , 1993 , pp. 136-152 ; Desmond Ball ,“Arms and Affluence: Military Acquisitions in the Asia-Pacific Region”, International Security , Vol. 18, No. 3 , Winter 1993/ 94 , pp. 78-112.
[32] Aaron L. Friedberg ,“Ripefor Rivalry: Prospectsfor PeaceinaMultipolarAsia”, pp. 26-33.
[33] 有关罗伯特 ·杰维斯的研究方法 ,参见 Robert Jervis , Perception and Misperception in In-
ternational Politics ,ColumbiaUniversityPress,1976; RobertJervis, System Ef f ects : Complexity in Political and Social Lif e , Princeton University Press , 1997.
[34] 有关主导欧洲后冷战时代区域稳定的 “非结构要素”分析 ,参见 Stephen Van Evera ,
“Primedfor Peace: EuropeaftertheColdWar”, pp. 7-57; RobertJervis,“The Future of World Poli- tics: WillItResemblethePast?”International Security , Vol. 16, No. 3 , Winter 1991/ 92 , pp. 29-73 ; Jack Snyder ,“Averting Anarchy in the New Europe”, International Security , Vol. 14, No. 4 , Spring 1990 , pp. 5-41.
[35] Avery Goldstein , “An Emerging China’ s Emerging Grand Strategy: A Neo-Bismarckian Turn ?”in G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno , eds. , International Relations Theory and the A sia-Pacif ic, pp. 57-106.
[36] David Shambaugh , ed. , Power Shif t : China and Asia’s New Dynamics , University of Cali- fornia Press , 2006 , Introduction.
[37] Robert Ross ,“Taiwan’s Fading Independence Movement”, Foreign A f f airs , Vol. 85, No. 2 , March/ April 2006 , pp. 141-145.
[38] 这一方面的代表性论述 ,参见 Avery Goldstein ,“Great Expectations : Interpreting China’s Arrival”, pp. 36-73 ; Thomas J. Christensen ,“China , the U. S.-Japan Alliance and the Security Dilem- ma in East Asia”, pp. 49-80 ; David Shambaugh ,“China’sMilitaryViewstheWorld:Ambivalent Se- curity”, International Security , Vol. 24, No. 3 , Winter 1999/ 2000 , pp. 52-79.
[39] Michael Green , J apan’s Reluctant Realism : Foreign Policy Challenges in an Era of Uncer- tain Power , Palgrave , 200., pp. 556-560 ; Michael Oksenberg ,“China and theJapanese-American Al- liance”, in Gerald L. Curtis , ed. , TheUnitedStates, JapanandAsia:ChallengesforU. S. Policy , W. W. Norton & Company , 1994 , pp. 96-12.; Michael J. Green and Patrick M. Crolin , The U. S.- Japan Alliance: Past, Present and Future, A Council on Foreign Relations Book , 1999.
[40] Joseph S. Nye ,“The‘Nye Report’: Six Years Later”,p. 95.
[41] Richard Higgott and Richard Stubbs , “Competing Conceptions of Economic Regionalism: APEC versus EAECin the Asia-Pacific”, Review of International Political Economy , Vol. 2, No. 3, Fall 1995 , pp. 516-535.
[42] Matake Kamiya , “Hopeful Uncertainty : Asia-Pacific Security in Transition”, A sia-Pacif ic Review , No. 3 , Spring/ Summer 1996 , pp. 95-115.
[43] Ming Wan ,“Economics versus Security in Cross-Strait Relations: A Comment on Krastner”, Journal of East Asian Studies , Vol. 6, No. 3 , September-December 2006 , pp. 477-479.
[44] Scott L. Kastner ,“Does Economic Integration across the Taiwan Strait Make Military Conflict Less Likely ?”Journal of East Asian Studies , Vol. 6, No. 3 , September-December 2006 , pp. 319-346.
[45] Kevin G. Cai ,“Chinese Changing Perspective on the Development of an East Asian Free Trade Area”, The Review of International A f f airs , Vol. 3, No. 4 , Summer 2004 , pp. 584-599 ; Guoli Liu , Chinese Foreign Policy in Transition, Aldine De Gruyter , 2004.
[46] Ronald C. Keith ,“China as a Rising World Power and Its Response to Globalization”, Review of International A f f airs , Vol. 3, No. 4 , Summer 2004 , pp. 507-523.
[47] Wil Hout ,“Culture and the Problematic of Region: Southeast Asia”, Mershon International Studies Review , Vol. 40, No. 3, 1996, pp. 343-345.
[48] Amitav Acharya , Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order , Routledge , 2001.
[49] Evelyn Goh and Amitav Acharya ,“The ASEAN Regional Forum: Comparing Chinese and American Positions”, in Mellissa Gurley , ed. , A dvancing East Asian Regionalism , Routledge , 2005.
[50] David Shambaugh ,“Asia in Transition : The Evolving Regional Order”, Current History , Vol. 105 , Iss. 690 , April 2006 , pp. 153-157.
[51] Peter Katzanstein and Allen Calson , eds. , East Asian Security in the Transition, Stanford University Press , 2006 ; G. John Ikenberry and Michael Mastanduno , eds. , International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacif ic; Anthony McGrew and Christopher Brook , eds. , Asia-Pacif ic in the New World Order, L. Rienner Publishers , September 1993.
[52] Robert Ross ,“China II: Beijing as a Conservative Power”, Foreign A f f airs , Vol. 76, No. 2, 1997,pp. 33-44 ; David Shambaugh ,“China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order”, Inter- national Security , Vol. 29, No. 3 , 2004/ 05 , pp. 64-99 ; Avery Goldstein , Rising to the Challenge : China’s Grand Strategy and International Security , Stanford University Press , 2005.
[53] Mike M. Mochizuki ,“Economics and Security : A Conceptual Framework”, in Michael J. Green and Patrick M. Cronin , eds. , The U. S.-Japan Alliance: Past, Present and Future, New York : A Council on Foreign Relations Book , 1999 , pp. 231-246;Jonathan Kirshner,“States , Markets and Great Power Relationsinthe Pacific: Some Realist Expectations”,in G. John Ikenberry and Mi- chael Mastanduno , eds , International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacif ic, pp. 273-298 ; Ming Wan ,“Economic Interdependence and Economic Cooperation : Mitigating Conflict and Transforming Se- curity Order in Asia”, in Muthiah Alagappa , ed. , Asian Security Order : Instrumental and Normative Features , pp. 280-310.
[54] Gilbert Rozman , Northeast Asia’s Stunted Regionalism: Bilateral Distrust in the Shadow of Globalization, Cambridge University Press , 2004 ; Baogang He ,“East Asian Ideas of Regionalism: A Normative Critique”, Australian Journal of International A f f airs , Vol. 58, No. 1, 2004, pp. 105-125 ; Simon Tay ,“Regionalism and Legalization: Recent Trends and Future Possibilities in East Asia”, Singapore Institute of International Affairs : Reader, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004,pp. 20-32.
[55] David Kang ,“Getting Asia Wrong : The Need for New Analytical Frameworks”, International Security , Vol. 27, No. 4 , Spring 2003 , pp. 57-85 ; David Kang ,“Hierarchy , Balancing and Empirical Puzzles in Asian International Relations”, International Security , Vol. 28, No. 3 , Winter 2003/ 04 , pp. 165-180.
[56] John Vasquez , “The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Pro-
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[57] 这些非洲研究上的代表性成果 ,参见 Christopher Clapham , A f rica and the International System : The Politics of State Survival , CambridgeUniversityPress,1996; KevinDunnandTimothy Shaw , A f rica’s Challenge to International Relations Theory , Palgrave , 200.; Glibert Khadiagala and Terrence Lyons , eds. , A f rican Foreign Policies : Power and Process , Lynne Rienner , 2002.
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