然而,随着美国的日益强大,力量的不均衡随之也招致其他地区钦佩、羡慕和怨恨交加等复杂的情绪。早在20世纪初美国崛起为全球大国时,英国人威廉·汤姆斯·斯特德(W. T. Stead)就出版了《世界的美国化》一书,认为面对世界的美国化,必将带来其他政治力量爱恨交加的情绪。比如二战后的FaGuo,面对马歇尔计划带来的国家复兴,许多FaGuo人认为自己并“不欠美国人任何东西,甚至不承认是美国人从纳粹手中解救了FaGuo”。FaGuo的知识分子努力为维护FaGuo的特性、追求“世俗伊甸园”似的FaGuo梦而战。他们对美国人的极端天性以及“盎格鲁—撒克逊”式社会关系中令人恐惧的暴虐展开了无情的批判。他们抨击美国的城市、建筑、街道、电影、技术、机器、选举、教育、宗教、慈善等等。[34] 在这些人看来,专制是美国生活方式的真实体现,因此他们通常将美国与苏联和纳粹德国相类比。不过,由于冷战的高压结构所限,欧洲的反美情绪并没有得到自由释放,而是表现得相对克制。
1. The Pew Global Attitudes Project, W hat theWorld Thinks in 2002, Washington D. C. : The Pew Research Center for the Peop le and the Press, 2002, http: / /peop le2p ress. org/ reports/p rint. php3? ReportID = 165, February 13, 2003.
2. The Pew Global Attitudes Project, Am ericaÄs Im age Further Erodes, EuropeansWantW eaker Ties B ut PostW ar IraqW ill B e B etterOff, Most Say, Washington D. C. : Pew Research Center, March 18, 2003.
3. See Pew GlobalAttitudes Project Report, V iews of a ChangingWorld: Warw ith Iraq FurtherD ivides Global Publics, Washington D. C. : Pew Research Center, June 3, 2003, p. 19.
5. Peter G. Peterson, “Public Dip lomacy and theWar on Terrorism”, Foreign Policy, Vol. 81, No. 5, September /October, 2002, p. 77.
6. Pew Global Attitudes Project Report, Am ericaÄs Im age S lips, B ut A llies Share U. S. Concerns Over Iran, Ham as: N o GlobalWarm ing A larm in theU. S. , China, Washington D. C. : Pew Research Center, June 13, 2006.
7. 唐勇:《美国海外形象持续恶化中国国际形象优于美国》,《环球时报》2006年6月17日。
8. Kurt Kuehn, “Managing the Brand in an Age of Anti-Americanism”, Executive Speech, February/March, 2005, pp. 28—33.
9. Joseph S. Nye, J r. , “AmericaMust Regain Its Soft Power”, International Herald Tribune, May 19, 2004, p. 8。如需了解更多关于反美主义的材料和观点,可参阅约瑟夫·奈:《软力量:世界政坛的成功之道》,吴晓辉、钱程译,北京:东方出版社2005年版。
13. JamesW. Ceaser, “A Genealogy of Anti-Americanism”, Public Interest, Summer 2003.
14. DavidW. Ellwood, “Anti2Am ericanism in Western Europe: A Com parative Perspective”, Bologna Center, The John HopkinsUniversity, 1999, Occasional PaperNo. 3, p. 3.
15. Ziauddin Sardar andMerrylWyn Davies, Why do People Hate Am erica, Cambridge: Icon Books, 2002, p. 55.
16. Paul Trout, “Defining Anti-Americanism”, The Montana Professor, February 14, 2004, http: / /mtp rof. msun. edu / sp r2004 / trart. html.
17. Paul Hollander, Anti2Am ericanism, Critiques at Hom e and Abroad, 1965—1990, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, p. viii.
18. Ibid. , p. 4.
19. David Burchell, “Paradox of Anti-Americanism”, The Australian, Oct. 22, 2003, p. 17.
22. Thomas L. Friedman, “Listening to the Future?”The N ew York Tim es, May 5, 2002. 弗里德曼把穆斯林世界敌视美国的态度升级归结为许多因素:美国的反恐战争、沙龙反对阿拉法特的战争、穆斯林世界现代化的失败、穆斯林被谴责为“9·11”的罪魁祸首、美国国会对以色列无可置疑的支持以及西方媒体对以色列 的纵容等。
23. The Pew Global Attitudes Project, What theWorld Thinks in 2002, pp. 54—58.
29. George Thaye, Who Shakes theMoney Tree? N. Y. : Simon & Schuster, 1973, p. 37.
30. Simon Schama, “The Unloved American”, N ew Yorker, March 10, 2003, p. 34.
31. 罗杰:《美利坚敌人:FaGuo反美主义的来龙去脉》,第9页。
32. ReinholdWagnleitner & Elaine TylerMay, eds. , Here, There and Everywhere: The Foreign Politics of Am erican Popular Culture, NH: University Press of New England, 2000, p. 6.
33. 约瑟夫·奈:《软力量:世界政坛的成功之道》,第41页。
34. 罗杰:《美利坚敌人:FaGuo反美主义的来龙去脉》,第35页。
35. Sergio Fabbrini, “The Domestic Sources of European Anti-Americanism”, Governm ent and Opposition, Vol. 37, 2002, p. 1; Sergio Fabbrini, “Layers of Anti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective”, European Journal of Am erican Culture,Vol. 23, No. 2, 2004, p. 82.
36. John Ikenberry, “AmericaÄs Imperial Ambition”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 5, 2002, p. 59.
37. 约瑟夫·奈:《全球化与反美主义》,姚安妮译,《商务周刊》2004年11月5日。
38. Sergio Fabbrini, “Layers ofAnti-Americanism: Americanization, American Unilateralism and Anti-Americanism in a European Perspective”, p. 82.
39. Jeff Faux, “The AmericanModel Exposed”, The N ation, 1997, Vol. 265, No. 13, p. 18.
40. Anthony Giddens andWill Hutton, eds. , Global Capitalism , New York: The New Press, pp. 41—51.
41. See George Ritzer, TheMcDonaldization of Society: An Investigation into the Changing Character of Contem porary Social L ife, CA: Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press, 1996; Philiph H. Melling and Jon Roper, eds. , Am ericanization and the Transform ation of World Cultures: Melting Pot or Cultural Chernobyl? New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.
42. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Lonely Superpower”, Foreign Affairs, March /Ap ril, 1999, pp. 35—49.
43. 转引自温宪:《反美主义的误读》,《人民日报》2001年4月5日第七版。
44. FaGuo国民议会议员皮埃尔·勒罗西( Pierre Lellouche)认为,欧洲人的反美情绪实质上是反布什主义。布什代表后现代欧洲痛恨的一切:宗教信仰,民族主义(甚至爱国主义) ,对军事手段(而不是国际法)的倚重,单边主义(而不是集体决策) 。反布什主义几乎成了当今欧洲大部分首都的宗教。Pierre Lellouche, “Europe Cannot Blame ItAll on Bush”, IHT, June 7, 2004, p. 12.
49. 有关美国如何将其新政管制理念贯穿于战后世界秩序的设计,见Anne2Marie Burley, “Regulating the World: Multilateralism, International Law, and the Projection of the New Deal Regulatory State”, in John Ruggie, ed. , Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Praxis of an Institutional Form , New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, pp. 125—156。
51. James Kurth, “Confronting the Uni2polarMoment: The American Emp ire and Islamic Terrorism”, Current History, Vol. 101, No. 659, December, 2002, p. 403.
54. John Ehrman. The R ise of N eo2conservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs, 1945—1994, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995; Stephen Fiodler and Gerald Baker, “American Democratic Imperialist”, Financial Tim es, March 6, 2003; Edward Rhodes, “The Imperial of BushÄs Liberal Agenda”, Survival, Vol. 45, Sp ring 2003.
55. James N. Rosenau, A long theDom estic2foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a TurbulentWorld, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 99. 事实上,早在1983年罗西瑙就提出了这一概念。参见James N. Rosenau, “Fragmegrative Challenges to National Security”, in Terry Heyns, ed. , Understanding U. S. S trategy: A Reader, Washington, D. C. : National Defense University, 1983, pp. 65—82。