〔1〕Martin Kramer , Ivory Towers on Sand : The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America (Washington , D. C. : The Washington Institute for Near East Policy , 2001) . 参见,杨夏鸣: 《美国的中东问题研究:理论、论战与影响》〔J〕, 《美国研究》2004 年第3 期。
〔2〕George W. Bush ,“Remarks on Freedom in Iraq and Middle East at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment f or Democracy ,”November 2003.
〔3〕参见Nora Bensahel and Daniel Byman , eds . , The Future Security Environment in the Middle East : Conflict , Stability , and Political Change (Santa Monica , Calif . : RAND , MR21640AF , 2004) , pp . 2-6.
〔4〕Joseph Nye , “The American National Interest and Global Public Goods ,” International Affairs , Vol . 78 , No. 2 , Ap ril 2002 , pp . 233-244.
〔5〕参见Stephen Kinzer , All the Shahps Men : An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York : John Wiley and Sons , 2003) .
〔6〕基欧汉:《霸权之后》(苏长和等译)〔M〕, 上海人民出版社,2001 年版,第201 页。
〔7〕Steven Cook ,“The Right Way to Promote Arab Ref orm ,” Foreign Affairs , Vol . 84 , No. 2 , March/ April 2005 , pp . 91-102.
〔8〕Richard Murphy and Gregory Gause ,“Democracy and U. S. Policy in the Muslim Middle East ,” Middle East Policy , Vol. 5 , No. 1 , January 1997 , pp . 58-67.
〔9〕John Lewis Gaddis ,“Grand Strategy in the Second Term ,” Foreign Affairs , Vol . 84 , No. 1 , January/ February 2005 , pp . 2-15.
〔10〕“Global Opinion : The Sp read of Anti2Americanism ,”in Pew Research Center , Trends 2005 ( Washington D. C. : Pew Research Center , 2005) , pp . 104-119.
〔11〕Barry Rubin ,“The Real Roots of Arab Anti2Americanism ,” Foreign Affairs , Vol . 81 , No. 6 , November/ December 2002 , pp . 73-85.
〔12〕T. Christian Miller ,“Washington is Allied with Repressive Governments and Hasnpt Pushed Democracy ,”Los Angeles Times , October 8 , 2001 , Page A24.
〔13〕Pew Research Center , Trends 2005 , p . 109.
〔14〕Step hen Walt , “In the National Interest : A New Grand Strategy f or American Foreign Policy ,”Boston Review , Vol. 30 , No. 1 , February/ March 2005.
〔15〕Fareed Zakaria ,“The Politics of Rage : Why Do They Hate Us ?”Newsweek , October 15 , 2001 , pp . 22240.
〔16〕Trine Flockhart , “A Mission Bound to Fail ?: The United States as Socializer of Democratic Norms in Post2War Iraq ,” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations , Vol . 6 , No. 1 , Winter/ Spring 2005 , pp . 53-68.
〔17〕Marina Ottaway and Thomas Carothers ,“The Greater Middle East Initiative : Of f to a False Start ,” Carnegie Policy Brief , No. 29 , 2004.
〔18〕Greg Miller ,“Democracy in Iraq doubtful , State Dept . report says social , economic obstacles work against transformation ,”San Francisco Chronicle , March 14 , 2003 , Page A214.
〔19〕Larry Diamond ,“Can Iraq Become a Democracy ?” Hoover Digest , No. 2 , Spring 2003.
〔20〕Zbigniew Brzezinski ,“The Wrong Way to Sell Democracy in the Arab World ,” The New York Times , March 8 , 2004 , Page A219.