新保守派不仅在人数上显著增长,而且在思想和政治活动上也得到了更为有效的组织和协调。冷战结束以来,三个新保守派机构的活动和影响尤为引人注目。其一是美国企业研究所(American Enterp rise Institute) ,这个老牌的保守派思想库已成为新保守派的大本营,许多新保守主义原则和政策在这里孕育,新的新保守派机构和报刊由此派生,新保守派的影响也由此波及多个思想库、政治行动团体、媒体乃至政府决策部门。2003年小布什总统在这里发表演说,盛赞该机构人才辈出,贡献卓著,并称他的政府从这里延聘了20位全美顶尖学者。〔16〕其二是美国新世纪计划( Project for the New American Century) ,该组织1997年成立后迅速成为新保守派表达共同立场和采取联合行动的枢纽,它通过发表由各方新保守派头面人物及其支持者共同签署的公开信和政策声明,使整个新保守主义运动不仅目标集中而且立场统一。其三是《旗帜周刊》(Weekly Standard)杂志,它1995年创刊后短短几年时间便成长为新保守派名副其实的旗帜性刊物,在这里发表的各类时评是新保守派世界观和政策取向的集中反映,被称为当今美国最具影响力的出版物。〔17〕
新保守主义复兴的最突出标志莫过于新保守派人物在小布什政府中担任的多种高级职务。小布什就任总统后在多个政府部门任用了新保守派人物担任要职。国防部副部长沃尔福威茨及负责政策事务的副部长费斯(Douglas Feith)分别是五角大楼的第二和第三号人物,博尔顿位居负责军控和国际安全事务的副国务卿,多布里扬斯基( Paula Dobriansky)出任负责全球事务的助理国务卿,利比( I. Lewis Libby)就任切尼副总统的办公厅主任兼国家安全顾问,亚布拉姆斯成为国家安全委员会民主、人权及国际行动事务负责人,珀尔担任了防务政策咨询委员会主席。担任这些职务的新保守派人物或者直接参与了政府的重大决策,或者控制了所在部门的重要信息流动,从而使新保守派得以对政府决策,尤其是防务与外交决策发挥了实质性影响。
〔1〕参见John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs 1945-1994, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. 关于新保守派的历史演变,还可参见Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986; Neil Jumonville, Critical Crossings: The New York Intellectuals in Postwar America, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991; Gary Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993; Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing Americans Politics, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.
〔2〕参见James Nuechterlein, “The End of Neoconservatism ”, First Things, May 1996, p. 15; Gary Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology, p. 368; Irving Kristol, “American Conservatism 1945-1995 ”, The Public Interest, Fall 1995, pp. 80291; Norman Podhoretz, “Neoconservatism: A Eulogy”, Commentary, March 1996, pp. 19-27.
〔3〕见Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 70, No. 1, 1990~1991, pp. 23-24; ZalmayM. Khalilzad, From Containment to Global Leadership? America & the World after the Cold War, Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1995, pp. 3, 6.
〔4〕William Kristol and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 1996, p. 20.
〔5〕Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment”, p. 24.
〔6〕Ibid. , pp. 23-24.
〔7〕见“Excerp ts From Pentagonps Plan: ‘Prevent the Re2Emergence of a New Rival’”, The New York Times, March 8, 1992, p. 14; Zalmay M. Khalilzad, From Containment to Global Leadership? p. 21.
〔8〕Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment”, pp. 29, 33.
〔9〕见Joshua Muravchik, The Imperative of American Leadership: A Challenge to Neo2Isolationism, Washington, D. C. : The AEI Press, 1996, p. 1; William Kristol & Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo-Reaganite Foreign Policy”, p. 20; Robert Kagan and William Kristol, “The Present Danger”, The National Interest, Sp ring 2000, pp. 59-62.
〔10〕参见Irving Kristol, “Foreign Policy in an Age of Ideology”, The National Interest, Fall 1985, pp. 13-14; Charles Krauthammer, “The Lonely Superpower”, The New Republic, July 29, 1991, pp. 23-26; Charles Krauthammer, “A World Imagined”, The New Republic, March 15, 1999, pp. 22-25.
〔11〕见Robert Kagan, “The Case for Global Activism”, Commentary, Sep tember 1994, p. 42; William Kristol and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo2Reaganite Foreign Policy”, p. 24.
〔12〕Donald Kagan, “Strength and Will: A Historical Perspective”, in Robert Kagan & William Kristol, eds. , Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy, San Francisco, Cal. : Encounter Books, 2000, p. 339.
〔13〕参见Patrick E. Tyler, “U. S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No RivalsDevelop”, The New York Times, March 8, 1992, p. 1; Robert Kagan and William Kristol, “The Present Danger”, pp. 64-67.
〔14〕参见William Kristol and Robert Kagan, “Toward a Neo2Reaganite Foreign Policy”, pp. 26-27; William J. Bennett, “A Nation Worth Defending”, USA Today, November 2002, pp. 10-12; Zalmay M. Khalilzad, From Containment to Global Leadership? pp. 6, 22; Robert Kagan and William Kristol, “The Present Danger”, p. 69; William J. Bennett, “Morality, Character and American Foreign Policy”, in Robert Kagan &William Kristol, eds. , PresentDangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy, pp. 289-294; Max Boot, “What the Heck Is a‘Neocon’?” The Wall Street Journal, June 19, 2003; Joshua Muravchik, “The Neoconservative Unmasked ”, International Herald Tribune, May 6, 2003.
〔15〕关于新保守派在里根政府的任职情况,参见Seymour Martin Lipset, “Neoconservatism: Myth and Reality”, Society, Vol. 25, No. 5, July/August 1988, p. 34; Gary Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology, pp. 10-11. 其中沃尔福威茨、利比、加夫尼( Frank Gaffney)等人未被提及,然而他们日后却是公认的新保守派人物。
〔16〕“President George W. Bushps Speech at AEIps Annual Dinner”, February 26, 2003.
〔17〕David Carr, “White House L istensWhen Weekly Speaks”, The New York Times, March 11, 2003, p. E1.
〔18〕Charles Krauthammer, “A World Imagined”, p. 25.
〔19〕参见Tom Barry and J im Lobe, “U. S. Foreign Policy2Attention, Right Face, ForwardMarch”, Foreign Policy in Focus, Policy Report, Ap ril 2002, http: / /www. fp if. org/pdf / reports/ right2002. pdf.
〔20〕Michael Ledeen, “A Republican ContractWith the World”, TheWeekly Standard, May 13, 1996, p. 24.
〔21〕Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion: What It Was, and What It Is”, The Weekly Standard, August 25, 2003, pp. 24-25.
〔22 〕见William C. Wohlforth, “The Stability of the Unipolar World”, International Security, Summer 1999, pp. 10-18.
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〔23〕代表作如Charles Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment”。
〔24〕见Patrick E. Tyler, “Lone Superpower Plan: Ammunition for Critics”, The New York Times, March 10, 1992, p. 12; “Senior U. S. Officials Assail Lone2Superpower Policy”, The New York Times, March 11, 1992, p. 6.
〔25〕Robert Jervis, “The Compulsive Empire”, Foreign Policy, July/August 2003, p. 84.
〔26〕参见Tom Barry and J im Lobe, “The Men Who Stole the Show”, Foreign Policy in Focus, Special Report #18, October 2002, http: / /www. fpif.org/papers/02men / index_ body. html.
〔27〕关于切尼和拉姆斯菲尔德与新保守派组织的关系,参见 “The shadow men”, The Economist, Ap r. 26th , 2003; Jason A. Vest, “The Men from JINSA and CSP”, The Nation, September 2, 2002; Tom Barry & Jim Lobe, “The Men Who Stole the Show”.