中国崛起的地区政治经济状况需要引起更多注意。到21 世纪第一年的时候,中国就已取代了美国作为所有东亚国家的“增长引擎”的地位,并成为包括日本、韩国和新加坡在内的地区主要经济体的首要出口市场。但是,关于这些趋势对中国地区政治角色的意义一直少有研究。例如,中国是否一直在使用其经济影响促进其政治目标?中国是否在尽力使用其增长的市场权力来迫使其经济伙伴做出贸易让步?除了郑在浩(Jae Ho Chung)的文章是一个例外之外,对中国在诸如与韩国的“大蒜战”、与日本的“蘑菇战”这样的贸易争端中的行为,一直极少有人注意。[44]
1. Michael Yahuda, “Kremlinology and the Chinese Strategic Debate, 1965-1966,” The China Quarterly, No.49, January/March 1972; Melvin Gurtov and Harry Harding, The Purge of Lo Jui-Ching: The Politics of Chinese Strategic Planning, R-548— PR, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1971; Uri Raanan, “Peking’s Foreign Policy ‘Debate,’ 1965-1966,” in Tang Tsou, ed., China in Crisis, Vol.2: China’s Policies in Asia and America’s Alternatives, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968; Donald S. Zagoria, Vietnam Triangle: Moscow / Peking / Hanoi, NY: Pegasus, 1967.
2. John Garver, China’s Decision for Rapprochement with the United States, 1968-1971, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982; Thomas M. Gottlieb, Chinese Foreign Policy Factionalism and the Origins of the Strategic Triangle, R-1902-NA, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1977.
3. Kenneth Lieberthal, Sino-Soviet Conflict in the 1970s: Its Evolution and Implications for the Strategic Triangle, R-2342-NA, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1978; Kenneth Lieberthal, “The Foreign Policy Debate in Peking as Seen through Allegorical Articles, 1973-1976,” The China Quarterly, No.71, September 1977; Harry Harding, “The Domestic Politics of China’s Global Posture, 1973-1978,” in Thomas Fingar, ed., China’s Quest for Independence: Policy Evolution in the 1970s, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980.
4. Carol Hamrin, “Competing ’Policy Packages’ in Post-Mao China,” Asian Survey, Vol.XXIV, No.5, May 1984; Carol Hamrin, “China Reassesses the Superpowers,” Pacific Affairs, Vol.56, No.2, Summer 1983.
5. Zhai Suisheng, A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004; Allen S. Whiting, “Chinese Nationalism and Foreign Policy after Deng,” China Quarterly, No.142, June 1995.
6. David L. Shambaugh, “China’s National Security Research Bureaucracy,” The China Quarterly, No.110, June 1987; David L. Shambaugh, Beautiful Imperialist: China Perceives America, 1972-1990, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
7. Lu Ning, “The Central Leadership, Supraministry Coordinating Bodies, State Council Ministries and Party Departments,” in David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy, pp.39-60.
8. Tai Ming Cheung, “The Influence of the Gun: China’s Military Commission and Its Relationship with Military, Party, and State Decision-Making Systems,” in David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy, 2001; Michael Swaine, The Role of the Chinese Military in National Security Policymaking, Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1996; David Shambaugh, Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.
9. Thomas Fingar, “Domestic Policy and the Quest for Independence,” in Thomas Fingar, ed., China’s Quest for Independence: Policy Evolution in the 1970s, 1980.
10. Robert S. Ross, “From Lin Biao to Deng Xiaoping: Elite Instability and China’s U.S. Policy,” The China Quarterly, No.188, June 1989.
11. Allen S. Whiting, “Chinese Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy in the 1970s,” Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies, No.36, Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1979.
12. Paul Godwin, “Soldiers and Statesmen in Conflict,” in Samuel Kim, China and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy in the Post-Mao Era, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984; Jonathan Pollack, The Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Chinese Security Debate, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1982.
13. Alan Wachman, Why Taiwan? A Geo-Strategic Perspective on the PRC’s Quest for Territorial Integrity, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, forthcoming 2006.
14. Michael Swaine, “Chinese Decision-Making Regarding Taiwan, 1979-2000,” in Lampton, ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy, 2001; Robert S. Ross,“The 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confront ation: Coercion, Credibility, and Use of Force,” International Security, Vol.25, No.2, Fall 2000.
15. Avery Goldstein, “Across the Yalu: China’s Interests and the Korean Peninsula in a Changing World,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006.
16. Phillip Saunders and Erica Streka-Downs, “Legitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism: China and the Diaoyu Islands,” International Security, Vol.23, No.2, Winter 1998/1999.
17. Michel Oksenberg and Steven Goldstein, “The Chinese Political Spectrum,” Problems of Communism, No.2, March/April 1974.
18. Ann Fenwick, “Chinese Foreign Trade Policy and the Campaign against Deng Xiaoping,” in Thomas Fingar, ed., China’s Quest for Independence, 1980.
19. Kenneth Lieberthal, “Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy,” in Harry Harding, ed., China’s Foreign Relations in the 1980s, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984; Susan Shirk, “The Domestic Political Dimensions of China’s Foreign Economic Relations,” in Samuel Kim, ed., China and the World, 1984.
20. Margaret M. Pearson, China’s New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic Reform, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.
21. David Zweig, Internationalizing China: Domestic Interests and Global Linkages, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.
22. Thomas G. Moore, China in the World Market: Chinese Industry and International Sources of Reform in the Post-Mao Era, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
23. Joseph Fewsmith, “The Political and Social Implications of China’s Accession to the WTO,” The China Quarterly, No.167, 2001.
24. Margaret Pearson, “China in Geneva: Lessons from China’s Early Years in the World Trade Organization,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006.
25. Robert Sutter, Chinese Foreign Policy: Developments after Mao, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1986. 也可参见萨 特采用这种视角写成的关于中美关系的作品, Robert Sutter, China Watch: Toward Sino-American Reconciliation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978。
26. Michael Ng-Quinn, “The Analytic Study of Chinese Foreign Policy,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol.27, No.2, June 1983; Michael Ng-Quinn, “International Systemic Constraints on Chinese Foreign Policy,” in Samuel Kim, ed., China and the World, 1984.
27. Lowell Dittmer, “The Strategic Triangle: An Elementary Game-Theoretical Analysis,” World Politics, Vol.XXXIII, No.4 July 1981; Banning Garrett and Bonnie Glaser, War and Peace: The Views for Moscow and Beijing, Berkeley, Ca: Institute of International Studies University of California, 1984; Jonathan Pollack, The Lessons of Coalition Politics: Sino-American Security Relations, R-3133-AF, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1984; Robert S. Ross, “International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: Conflict in U.S.-China Relations since 1972,” World Politics, Vol.XXXVIII, No.2, January 1986; Robert S. Ross, “China Learns to Compromise: Change in U.S.-China Relations, 1982-1984,” China Quarterly, No.128, December 1991; Franz Schurmann, The Logic of World Power, NY: Pantheon Books, 1974.
28. Su Chi, “China and the Soviet Union: ‘Principled, Salutary, and Tempered’ Management of Conflict,” in Samuel Kim, ed., China and the World, 1984; Chae Jin-Lee, Japan Faces China: Political and Economic Relations in the Postwar Era, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976; Chae Jin-Lee, China and Japan: New Economic Diplomacy, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1984; Robert S. Ross, Managing U.S.-China Cooperation: Negotiation and Compromise during the Cold War, forthcoming.
29. Bates Gill, Rising Star: China’s New Security Diplomacy and Its Challenges and Opportunities for the United States, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, forthcoming; Avery Goldstein, Rising to the Challenge: China’s Grand Strategy and International Security, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005; Yong Deng, “Reputation and the Security Dilemma: China Reacts to the China Threat Theory,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006.
30. Robert Sutter, “Bush Administration Policy toward Beijing and Taipei,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.12, No.36, August 2003.
31. Evan Medeiros, Shaping Chinese Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Chinese Policies on WMD Nonproliferation and the Role of U.S. Policy, 1980-2004, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006.
32. Avery Goldstein, “Across the Yalu: China’s Interests and the Korean Peninsula in a Changing World,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006.
33. Alastair Iain Johnston, “Is China a Status Quo Power?” International Security, Vol.27, No.4, Spring 2003.
34. Bates Gill and Michael E. O’Hanlon, “China’s Hollow Military,” The National Interest, No.56, Summer 1999; Avery Goldstein, “Great Expectations: Interpreting China’s Arrival,” International Security, Vol.22, No.3, Winter 1997/1998; Robert S. Ross, “The Geography of the Peace: Great Power Stability in Twenty-First Century East Asia,” International Security, Vol.23, No.4, Spring 1999.
35. Peter Van Ness, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy: Peking’s Support for Wars of National Liberation, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970.
36. Melvin Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia— The Politics of Survival, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971; David Mozingo and Thomas Robinson, Lin Biao on People’s War: China Takes a Second Look at Vietnam, RM-4814-PR, Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1965; Jay Taylor, China and Southeast Asia: Peking’s Relations with Revolutionary Movements, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1976.
37. Chae-Jin Lee, Japan Faces China : Political and Economic Relations in the Postwar Era, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press 1976; Chae-Jin Lee, China and Japan: New Economic Diplomacy, Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1984.
38. Eugene Lawson, The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1984; Steven I. Levine, “China in Asia: The PRC as a Regional Power,” in Harry Harding, ed., China’s Foreign Relations in the 1980s, 1984; Robert S. Ross, The Indochina Tangle, China’s Vietnam Policy, 1975-1979, NY: Columbia University Press, 1988.
39. David Mozingo, Chinese Policy toward Indonesia, 1949-1967, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976. 关于中印关系,参见John W.Garver ,“The Indian Factor in Recent Sino-Soviet Relations,” The China Quarterly, No.125, March 1991。韦茨伯格是中巴关系方面最有见识的学者。例如,可参见:Yaacov Vertzberger, “The Political Economy of Sino-Pakistani Relations: Trade and Aid, 1963-1982,” Asian Survey, Vol.XXIII, No.5, May 1983。
40. Michael Leifer, “Vietnam’s Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Coping with Vulnerability,” in Robert S. Ross, ed., East Asia in Transition: Toward a New Regional Order, Armonk, NY: M.S. Sharpe, 1995.
41. Michael R. Chambers, “The Chinese and the Thais are Brothers: The Evolution of the Sino–Thai Friendship,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.14, No.45, November 2005; Victor Cha, “Engaging China: The View from Korea,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., Engaging China: The Management of an Emerging Power, New York: Routledge, 1999.
42. David Shambaugh, “China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order,” International Security, Vo l.29, No.3, Winter 2004/2005.
43. David Kang, “Hierarchy, Balancing, and Empirical Puzzles in Asian International Relations,” International Security, Vol.28, No.3, Winter 2004.
44. Jae Ho Chung, “From a Special Relationship to a Normal Partnership? Interpreting the ‘Garlic Battle’ in Sino-South Korean Relations,” Pacific Affairs, Vol.74, No.3, Fall 2001.
45. Samuel S. Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979.
46. 一部重要的早期作品评估了后毛**时代中国对国际组织不断扩展的参与、中国与过去行为之间的对比及延续性,参见Samuel S. Kim, “China’s International Organizational Behaviour,” in Thomas W.Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese Foreign Policy, 1997。
47. Harold Jacobson and Michel Oksenberg, China and the IMF, the World Bank and the GATT, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990; Elizabeth Economy,Michel Oksenberg,eds.,China Joins the World:Progress and Prospects, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1999.
48. Bates Gill, “Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Dynamics of Chinese Nonproliferation and Arms Control,” in David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy, 2001; Evan Medeiros, Shaping Chinese Foreign Policy, 2006; Alastair Iain Johnston, “Learning Versus Adaptation: Explaining Change in Chinese Arms Control Policy,” The China Journal, No.35, January 1996.
49. Elizabeth Economy, “The Impact of International Regimes on Chinese Foreign Policy-Making: Broadening Perspectives and Policies⋯But Only to a Point,” in David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy, 2001.
50. Alastair Iain Johnston, “The Myth of the ASEAN Way: Explaining the Evolution of the ARF,” in Helga Haftendorn, et al., Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999.
51. Allen Carlson, Unifying China, Integrating with the World: The Chinese Approach to Sovereignty during the Reform Era, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2005; Allen Carlson, “More Than Just Saying No: China’s Evolving Approach to Sovereignty and Intervention since Tiananmen,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006; Samuel Kim, “Chinese Foreign Policy Faces Globalization Challenges,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006.
52. Melvin Gurtov and Byong-Moo Hwang, China under Threat: The Politics of Strategy and Diplomacy, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980; Thomas Robinson, “The Sino-Soviet Border Dispute: Background, Development, and the March 1969 Clashes,” American Political Science Review, Vol.66, 1972, pp. 1175-1202; Thomas Stolper, China, Taiwan, and the Offshore Islands, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1985; Allen S. Whiting, The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1975.
53. Avery Goldstein, Deterrence and Security in the 21st Century: China, Britain, France and the Enduring Legacy of the Nuclear Revolution, Standford: Stanford University Press, 2000; Bates Gill and James Mulvenon, “The Chinese Strategic Rocket Forces: Transition to Credible Deterrence,” in National Intelligence Council, China and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Implications for the United States, Washington, D.C.: National Intelligence Council, 2000.
54. Alastair Iain Johnston, “China’s New ‘Old Thinking’: The Concept of Limited Deterrence,” International Security, Vol.20, No.3, Winter 1995/1996, pp.5-42.
55. Bernard D. Cole, The Great Wall at Sea: China’s Navy Enters the Twenty-First Century, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2001; Lyle Goldstein, “Undersea Dragons: China’s Maturing Submarine Force,” International Security, Vol.28, No.4, Spring 2004.
全球资讯榜http://www.newslist.com.cn
56. Thomas Christensen, “Posing Problems without Catching up: China’s Rise and Challenges for U.S. Security Policy,” International Security, Vol.25, No.4, Spring 2000.
57. Allen S. Whiting, “China’s Use of Force, 1950-1996, and Taiwan,” International Security, Vol.26, No.2, Fall 2001.
58. Thomas J. Christensen, “Windows and War: Trend Analysis and China’s Use of Force,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006.
59. Robert S. Ross, “The 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility, and Use of Force,” International Security, Vol.25, No.2, Fall 2000; Zhao Suisheng, “Changing Leadership Perceptions,” 1999.
60. Robert S. Ross, “The 1995-1996 Taiwan Strait Confrontation: Coercion, Credibility, and Use of Force,” 2000; Robert S. Ross, “Comparative Deterrence: The Taiwan Strait and the Korean Peninsula,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006; Thomas J. Christensen, “Posing Problems without Catching up: China’s Rise and Challenges for U.S. Security Policy,” 2000.
61. Allen S. Whiting, The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence, pp. 226-233.
62. Michael D. Swaine, “Chinese Crisis Management: Framework for Analysis, Tentative Observations, and Questions for the Future,” and Paul H. B. Godwin, “Decision-making under Stress: The Unintentional Bombing of China’s Belgrade Embassy and the EP-3 Collision,” in Andrew Scobell and Larry M. Wortzel, eds., Chinese National Security Decision-making under Stress, Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2005
63. Erica S. Downs. “The Chinese Energy Security Debate,” China Quarterly, No.177, 2004; Bernard D. Cole, Oil for the Lamps of China – Beijing’s Search for 21st-Century Search for Energy, Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University, 2003; David Zweig and Bi Jianhai, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy,” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2005.
64. 本部分吸收了如下内容:Thomas J. Christensen, Alastair Iain Johnston, and Robert S. Ross, “Conclusions and Future Directions,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006。
65. John Garver, The Protracted Contest, Indian-Chinese Rivalry in the Twentieth Century, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001; John Garver, “China’s Decision for War with India in 1962,” in Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, eds., New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy, 2006; Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, Xue Litai , Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995; Thomas J. Christensen, Useful Adversaries, 1996.
66. Shu Guang Zhang, Economic Cold War: America’s Embargo against China and the Sino-Soviet Alliance 1949-1963, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
67. Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgen, Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution, London: Kegan Paul, 2002; Ma Jisen, The Cultural Revolution in the Foreign Ministry of China, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2004.
68. 这方面的最初努力是:Harry Harding and Yuan Ming, eds.,Sino-American Relations, 1945-1955: A Joint Reassessment of a Critical Decade, Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, 1989。更多的新近研究包括: Odd Arne Westad, Brothers in Arms: The Rise and Fall of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1963, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1998 ; Michael Hunt and Niu Jun, eds., Toward a History of Chinese Communist Foreign Relations, 1920s-1960s: Personalities and Interpretative Approaches, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1995; Robert S. Ross and Jiang Changbin, Re-Examining the Cold War: U.S.-China Diplomacy, 1954-1973, Cambridge, MA: Asia Center, Harvard University, 2001; William Kirby, Robert S. Ross, and Gong Li, eds., Normalization of U.S.-China Relations: An International History, Cambridge, MA: Asia Center, Harvard University, 2005。