从美国亚洲政策的重点来看,与中国合作有助于实现在大国合作基础上建立全球反恐联盟的外交目标。在亚太地区,大国合作反恐不能不包括中国、日本、俄罗斯和印度等国。与此同时,美国也要强化和日本、韩国和澳大利亚等国的盟友关系。美日安全联盟对华盛顿至关重要。寇蒂斯分析美国在东亚的国家利益时指出,美国20世纪后半期的整个亚洲政策基于“轴辐”概念(“hub and spokes”),即以美国为轴心,通过双边盟友关系(美日和美韩同盟)使其权力影响辐射到亚太地区。然而,由于亚太国际环境出现新的变化,“轴辐”范式需要修正。他强调指出,新的多边安全框架可以更好地服务于美国的利益。[⑩]例如,六方会谈就是最佳证明,它为未来东北亚安全论坛提供了制度化的模式。这也是第一个中美两国均在其中的多边地区安全制度(还吸纳了俄罗斯、日本和韩国)。与此相似,著名学者福山提议建立一种把朝鲜排除在外的五国安全对话机制,并使之成为稳固的多边制度。[11]
《权力转移:21世纪的战略》(Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century)一书提出,权力转移理论最重要的要素有三点:“相对权力、满意度和可能的冲突。”核心要素是崛起大国对现存体系的满意度。现存的支配霸权和新兴大国之间冲突的可能性将在两国实力接近的时候大幅度增加,这一时期也被称为“争议和可能引发战争的区域”。[18]
[①] Phillip P. Pan, “Rumsfeld Chides China for ‘Mixed Signals’”, The Washington Post, October 20, 2005, pp A16 & A18.
[②] Robert Zoellick, “Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility?” Issued by the U.S. Department of State, September 21, 2005. Available at www.state.gov/s/d/rem/53682.htm
[③] Michael H. Armacost, “What’s Ahead for US Policy in Asia?” PacNet 1, January 6, 2005. Accessed from listserv distributed by pacnet@hawaiibiz.r.com.
[④] Harry Harding, “Change and Continuity in the Bush Administration’s Asia Policy” Robert M. Hathaway and Wilson Lee (eds.) George W. Bush and East Asia: A First Term Assessment, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2005, p. 31.
[⑤] Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, “America Unbound: The Bush revolution in foreign policy,” Brookings Review, Vol. 21, No. 4, Fall 2000: pp. 2-6.
[⑥] Edward Cody. “New Talks on North Korea Open With Fresh Strategy” The Washington Post July 26, 2005: p. A15.
[⑦] Benjamin Schwartz. “Managing China’s Rise.” The Atlantic Monthly Vol. 295, Number 5, June 2005: pp. 27-28.
[⑧] Anne Scott Tyson. “Chinese buildup seen as threat to region.” The Washington Post July 20, 2005: p.A16.
[⑨] James A. Kelly. “George W. Bush and Asia: An Assessment” Robert M. Hathaway and Wilson Lee (eds.) George W. Bush and East Asia: A First Term Assessment, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2005, pp. 15-30.
[⑩] Gerald L. Curtis, “East Asia, Regionalism, and US National Interests: How Much Change?”
American Foreign Policy Interests, 26, 2004, pp. 199-208.
[11] Francis Fukuyama. “Re-Envisioning Asia.” Foreign Affairs. Vol. 84, No. 1, January/February 2005: pp. 75-87.
[12] Phillip P. Pan, “Rumsfeld Chides China for ‘Mixed Signals’”, The Washington Post, October 20, 2005, pp A16 & A18.
[13] Douglas Lemke and Ronald L. Tammen. “Power Transition Theory and the Rise of China” International Interactions, Vol. 29, 2003: pp. 269-271.
[14] Robert Kagan. “The Illusion of ‘Managing’ China.” The Washington Post May 15, 2005: p. B07.
[15] Douglas Lemke and Ronald L. Tammen. “Power Transition Theory and the Rise of China.” International Interactions Vol. 29, 2003: pp. 269-271.
[16] Emilio Casetti. “Power Shifts and Economic Development: When Will China Overtake the USA?” Journal of Peace Research Vol. 40, No. 6, 2003: p. 672.
[17] Jacek Kugler and Ronald Tammen. “Regional Challenge: China’s Rise to Power” Asia-Pacific Region in Transition. Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2004, pp. 50-51.
[18] Tammen, Ronald, et al. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000, p. 31.
[19] Efird, Brian and Jacek Kugler and Gaspare M. Genna. “From War to Integration: Generalizing Power Transition Theory” International Interactions Vol. 29, 2003: pp. 293-313.
[20] Tammen, Ronald, et al. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000, p. 31.
[21] Tammen, Ronald, et al. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000, pp. 164-167.
[22] Glenn Kessler, “U.S. Says China Must Address Its Intentions,” The Washington Post, September 22, 2005: p. A 16.
全球资讯榜http://www.newslist.com.cn
[23] Brent Scowcroft’s answer to the question raised by the author during a dinner meeting at Brookings Institution, September 19, 2005.
[24] Robert Zoellick, “Whither China: From Membership to Responsibility?” Issued by the U.S. Department of State, September 21, 2005. Available at www.state.gov/s/d/rem/53682.htm
[25] Quadrennial Defense Review Report, Issued by the US Department of Defense, September 30, 2001.
[26] Tammen, Ronald, et al. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000, p. 168.
[27] See Colin L. Powell, “Interview with Mike Chinoy of CN* International TV” and “Interview with Anthony Yuen of Phoenix TV,” October 25, 2004. Available at http://www.state.gov/ secretary/rm/37366pf.htm.
[28] Robert A. Scalapino, “Asia-Pacific Security Issues and US Policy,” American Foreign Policy Interests Vol. 26, 2004: p. 299.
[29] Shijie Ribao [World Journal] January 14, 2005: p. 1.
[30] Trevor Corson. “Strait-jacket.” The Atlantic Monthly December 2004, Vol. 294, No. 5: pp. 54-58.
[31] David Barboza and Joseph Kahn. “China says it will no longer peg its currency to the US dollar.” The New York Times July 21, 2005.
[32] Ben White. “Bidding to Become a Bigger Player.” The Washington Post July 19, 2005.
[33] “China’s complex US connections.” San Francisco Chronicle July 17, 2005,
[34] “Senator Dorgan introduces bill to ban Cnooc buy of Unocal.” Dow Jones Newswire.
[35] Zheng Yingping. “Meiguo yu zhudao dongya yitihua jincheng” [The US would like to lead the process of East-Asia community-building]. Zhongguo Zhanlue Guancha [China Strategic Review], Vol. 2, 2005: pp. 36-41.
[36] Hughes, Neil C. “A Trade War with China?” Foreign Affairs, July/August 2005, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 94-106.
[37] Edward Cody. “China Protests US-Japan Accord” The Washington Post February 21, 2005: p. A24.
[38] David Lampton. “What Growing Chinese Power Means for America.” Testimony before Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, June 7, 2005.
[39] Edward Cody. “Improved Atmosphere is Seen as N. Korea Arms Talks Resume” The Washington Post July 27, 2005: p. A16.
[40] Anthony Faiola and Philip P. Pan, “N. Korea Declaration Draws World Concern: Nuclear Arms Assertion Spurs Calls to Revive Talks” The Washington Post, February 11, 2005: pp. A1, A20.
[41] Anthony Faiola, “US, Japan Worry about N. Korean Withdrawal From Talks”, The Washington Post, February 20, 2005: pA30.
[42] [Editorial] “Human rights of N.K. refugees,” Korea Herald, September 6, 1999, accessed from www.koreaherald.co.kr/news/1999/09/__03/19990906_0318.htm
[43] Aidan Foster-Carter, “The Six-Party Failure” PacNet 6A, February 11, 2005. Accessed from listserv distributed by pacnet@hawaiibiz.rr.com.
[44] Ralph A. Cossa, “Pyongyang Raises the Stakes”, PacNet 6, February 10, 2005. Accessed from listserv distributed by pacnet@hawaiibiz.rr.com.
[45] Edward Cody. “China Protests US-Japan Accord.” The Washington Post February 21, 2005: p. A24. Also see Shijie Ribao [World Journal], February 19, 2005, p. 1.
[46] Paper presented by Robert Sutter, “Recent convergence in China-US views—Rethinking US Policy Options,” International conference on US Taiwan Policy and the Dynamics of the Taipei-Beijing-Washington Triangle, January 28, 2005, American University, Washington, DC.
[47] “Anti-Submarine Alliance Among US, Japan, and Taiwan Triangle Against PLA.” Qiao Bao [China Press] December 3, 2004: p. B4.
[48] Dan Blumenthal. “Unhelpful China.” The Washington Post December 6, 2004: p. A21. Also see Robin Wright. “Iran’s New Alliance with China Could Cost US Leverage.” The Washington Post November 17, 2004: p. A21.
[49] This comment was made by Dr. Robert Pastor during the international conference on US Taiwan Policy and the Dynamics of the Taipei-Beijing-Washington Triangle, January 28, 2005, American University, Washington, DC.
[50] “US, Japan Worry about N. Korean Withdrawal from Talks.” The Washington Post February 20, 2005: p. A30.
[51] Ronald Tammen, et al. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000, p173.
[52] Ronald Tammen, et al. Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000, p173.
[53] Robert Kaplan. “How we would fight China.” The Atlantic Monthly Vol. 295, No. 5: June 2005, p. 54.