[9] 根据David Shambaugh 在2006 年的统计,目前美国已经大致形成了注重研究中国外交和注重研究中国安全这样两个团队,研究人员主要分布在美国高校和智囊机构及基金会两个领域。其中在高校从事中国外交研究的著名学者,从东部向西部有:Alastair I. Johnston (Harvard); Robert Ross (Boston College); Taylor Fravel (MIT); Samuel Kim (Columbia); Allen Carlson (Cornell); Avery Goldstein (Pennsylvania); Thomas Christensen (Princeton); Andrew Scobell (U.S. Army War College); Wang Hongying (Syracuse); Hao Yufan (Colgate); David Lampton (Johns Hopkins); Robert Sutter (Georgetown); Nancy Bernkopf Tucker (Georgetown); Margaret Pearson (Maryland); Shu Guang Zhang (Maryland); Warren Cohen (Maryland-Baltimore County); David Shambaugh (George Washington); Harry Harding (George Washington); Michael Yahuda (George Washington); Phillip Saunders (National Defense University); Yong Deng (U.S. Naval Academy); Li Hongshan (Kent State); Quansheng Zhao (American); Liu Guoli (Charleston); Wang Fei-ling (Georgia Tech); Wang Jianwei (Wisconsin-Steven’s Point); Ming Wan (George Mason); Chen Jian (Cornell); Qiang Zhai (Auburn); Yu Bin (Wittenberg); Thomas Moore (Cincinnati); June Dreyer (Miamin); Kenneth Liberthal (Michigan); Ed Friedman (Wisconsin); Suisheng Zhao (Denver); Peter Hayes Gries (Colorado); Li Xiaobing (Central Oklahoma); Allen Whiting (Arizona); Susan Shirk (California-San Diego); Lowell Dittmer (California- Berkley); and Mel Gurtov (Portland State).在智囊机构也有一些专家从事中国外交和安全政策研究。其中包括在华盛顿地区的Michael Swain and Minxin Pei (Carnegie Endowment); Alan Romberg (Henry L. Center); Richard Bush, Jing Huang, and Jeffrey Bader (Brookings Institution); Nicholas Lardy (Institute of International Economics); Bates Gill, Bonnie Glaser, Kurt Campell, and Derek Mitchell (CSIS); Banning Garrett (Atlantic Council); Ted Galen Carpenter (Cato Institute); Roy Kamphausen (National Bureau of Asian Research); John Tkacik and Peter Brookes (Heritage Foundation); Dan Bulmenthal (American Enterprise Institute); David M. Lampton (Nixon Center); Evan Medeiros (Rand); and David Finkelstein (CAN corporation)和华盛顿地区以外的Elizabeth Economy and Adam Segal (Council on Foreign Relations in New York), Jing-dong Yuan (Monterey Institute of International Studies), and Danny Roy (Center for Asia-Pacific Security Policy Studies in Honolulu).
[10] 在20 世纪50、60 年代着重研究当代中国外交中的传统、历史、意识形态和现实主义因素;70 年代着重研究战略三角和党内斗争因素与中国外交;80 年代,关注制度、观念和行为因素的变化;90 年代以降,对中国外交的研究进入大调整和转型,出现了许多新的关注点如中国崛起、**外交政策史、中国与冷战史、外交决策、中国的国际事务的观念尤其是对美国观念、中国在国际机制中的作用、中国的双边和地区关系,等等。进入21 世纪,中国外交更加成为研究焦点,在Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross 于2006年合编出版的著作中,提出了新时期对中国外交与安全研究的20 个新视点。
[11] 限于篇幅,此处无法一一列举,部分可参见David Shambaugh, “A Bibliographical Essay on New Sources for the Study of China’s Foreign Relations and National Security,” in Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, Appendix, pp. 603-617; Robert G. Sutter, “Australian Perspectives on China’s Approach to Asia and Implications for the United States,” in China’s Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils, Laham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2005, Appendix, pp. 281-287.
[12] 有影响力的期刊包括Foreign Affairs, Foreign Policy, The National Interest, and The Washington Quarterly 等。
[16] 详见Robert G. Sutter, “Australian Perspectives on China’s Approach to Asia and Implications for the United States,” in China’s Rise in Asia: Promises and Perils, Appendix, pp.281-287.
[38] 典型的例子之一就是,中国在20 世纪80 年代末90 年代初提出的“韬光养晦”的外交原则,其原意是“要低调,不当头”(keep a low profile),但在西方的媒体和政策报告中,这一成语往往被译成了“隐藏真实意图”(hide your real intentions under your wings)。另一个典型的例子就是,在21 世纪初,“和平崛起”概念出现在中国的外交政策话语中,正确完整地翻译成英文应该是peaceful-rise,但实际上,我们发现,在众多的国际会议或西方的媒体、学术杂志上,往往省略了前面的peaceful,只剩下了rise,这在字面上就已经扭曲了“和平崛起”这个外交政策话语的完整和真实的含义。