标题: 两种逻辑与双重博弈:评《战争与国家形成:先秦中国与早期近代欧洲的比较》 [打印本页] 作者: laruence 时间: 2008-10-31 08:30 标题: 两种逻辑与双重博弈:评《战争与国家形成:先秦中国与早期近代欧洲的比较》 为什么中国在春秋战国时代能由***走向统一,而欧洲自中世纪起就一直保持***(也就是多国体系)状态?为什么在中国国家权力始终占有绝对优势,社会却极度萎缩,而欧洲国家却能在国家与社会之间达成平衡,从而最终发育出市民社会以及宪政结构?这两个问题是既有国际关系理论和比较政治学理论所无法解决的问题。许田波的《战争与国家形成:先秦中国与早期近代欧洲的比较》试图通过一个理论-世界政治的动力理论(A Dynamic Theory of World Politics)-来解决这两个未解这谜。[1]世界政治的动态理论认为,主导的逻辑(Logic of Domination)与制衡的逻辑(Logic of Balacing)在国际和国内两个层面相互竞争,其结果既将导致国际体系的变化,也将导致国家-社会关系的变化。
在本文即将刊出之际,偶然得知《战争与国家形成:先秦中国与早期近代欧洲的比较》获得了2005年度埃德加·福尼斯图书奖(Edgar Furniss Book Award)。该奖是由美国俄亥俄州立大学(The Ohio State University)默什恩国际安全研究中心(Mershon Center for International Security Studies)评出,奖给深具学术潜力的青年学者,获奖书籍一般是这些学者的第一部著作。以前的获奖者包括中国国际关系学界熟知的约翰·米尔斯海默(John J. Mearsheimer)和斯蒂芬·沃尔特(Stephen M. Walt)。[20]获奖这一事实表明,本书的学术水平和许田波的学术潜力已经获得了美国国际关系学界的认同。哈佛大学政府系教授、著名的中国问题专家江忆恩的评价是:“许田波可能是仅有的能够驾驭这么复杂的中、欧历史比较研究的国际关系学者。其书为我们提供了关于在国家建设领域中的战略非道德性、残酷性和资源动员方式的极富挑战性的观点,以及为什么中国先秦时代的国家能够在这些方面超越欧洲国家。”[21]
[1] Victoria Tin-bor Hui, War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
[2] Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1973); Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1979); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
[13] 关于现状偏好,请参见Randall L. Schweller, “Neorealism’s Status-Quo Bias: What Security Dilemma,” Security Studies, Vol.5, No.3, Spring 1996, pp.91-121.
[14] Paul Schroeder, “Historical Reality vs. Neo-realist Theory”; Randall L. Schweller, “Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In,” International Security, Vol.19, No.1, Summer1994, pp72-107; Thomas J. Christensen and Jack L. Snyder, “Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Pattern in Multipolarity,” International Organization, Vol.44, No.2, 1990, pp.137-168.
[15] 关于新古典现实主义及相关著作,可参见Gideon Rose, “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy,” World Politics, vol.51. No.1, 1998, pp.144-172.
[16] Jack L. Snyder, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991); Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusal Origins of America’s World Role (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998).
[17] 在这一点上,许田波借鉴了经济学和社会学关于路径依赖问题的研究,以及罗伯特·杰维斯关于国际关系中体系效应问题的研究。James Mahoney, “Path Dependence and Historical Sociology,”Theory and Society, Vol.29, 2000, pp.507-548; Douglas C. North, Instituions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Paul Pierson, “Path Dependence and the Study of Politics,” American Political Science Review, Vol.94, No.2, 2000, pp.251-267; Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social life (Priceton, New Jersey: Princeton Universtiy press, 1997).
[18] Daniel H. Nexon, Sovereignty, Religion and the Fate of Empires in Early Modern Europe, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 2004, pp.114-115, pp.151-153.
[19] Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992.限于篇幅,本文无法讨论制度变迁和宗教改革对欧洲近代民族国家的影响,有兴趣者可分别参见:Douglas C. North and Robert P. Thomas, The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Universtiy press, 2001).
[21] al.nd.edu/about-arts-and-letters/news/political-scientist-wins-award-for-first-book.江忆恩的原话是:“Victoria Hui is perhaps the only person in the international relations field capable of writing such a sophisticated comparative history of the Chinese and European state systems. The result is a provocative argument about the importance of strategic amorality, ruthlessness, and resource mobilization in state building, and about why ancient Chinese states outperformed European states in these areas.”
[22] 江忆恩是少有的例外。请参见Alastair Ian Joston, Culture Realism—Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).