冷战结束以来, 国际关系研究面临的一个重要课题是国际政治经济学(International Political Economy)与安全研究(Securit y St udies) 的结合。〔1〕由于冷战期间特别是冷战前期和中期, 两大对峙集团之间几乎没有经济往来,从事安全研究的学者因此很少讨论国家间的经济问题,〔2〕而资本主义发达国家间的经济竞争又是在军事同盟内进行的, 基本不涉及彼此间的安全关系,〔3〕所以从事国际经济研究特别是国际政治经济研究的学者也基本不考虑安全问题。冷战末期特别是冷战结束以后,随着国际关系特别是经济全球化的发展,不少学者认识到,有必要恢复二战前的研究状态,将国际系统的经济问题与安全问题结合起来加以研究, 并且取得了相当的成果。对于这些成果, 包括二战前的相关成果,有学者进行了总结,〔4〕以期促进国际关系的研究。但是,这些总结基本是以国家(单位层次) 为视角,梳理的是经济与安全在国家管理(statecraf t ) 中的运用,因而存在片面性,因为大量的研究是以国际或跨国家为视角探讨国际经济与国际安全之间的关系。即便有学者对后一层面的研究做过总结,但很不全面,整理的仅是贸易对国际安全的影响。〔5〕有基于此,本文试图从国际(包括跨国) 的层面对经济与安全关系的研究做一梳理,以利于国际关系理论、国际政治经济学和国际安全的研究。
〔1〕Jonathan Kirshner , “Political Economy in Security Studies Af ter the Cold War”, Review of International Political Economy ,Jan 1998 , Vol . 5 Issue 1 , p . 64.
〔2〕惟一的一个例外是有些学者研究经济遏制( economic containment) ,如Gunnar Adler-Karlson , Western Economic Warfare 1947 - 67 (Stockholm : Almqvist&Wiksell ,1968) ; Bruce Jentleson , Pipeline Politics : The Complex Political Economy of East-West Energy Trade ( Ithaca , N Y: Cornell University Press ,1986) 。
〔3〕本文中,安全指传统安全,即军事安全,国际安全指的是国家间的军事安全。
〔4〕Michael Mastanduno ,“Economics and Security in Statecraf t and Scholarship ”, International Organization , Autumn1998 , Vol . 52 , Issue 4 , pp . 825-854 ; J onathan Kirshner ,“Political Economy in Security Studies Af ter the Cold War”, pp . 6491.
〔8 〕例如, Solomon William Polachek , “Conf lict and Trade”, The Journal of Conf lict Resolution , Mar . 1980 , Vol . 24 , No. 1 , pp . 55-78 ;Mark Gasiorowski and Solomon W. Polachek , “Conf lict and Interdependence : East-West Trade and Linkages in the Era of Detente”, The Journal of Conf lict Resolution , Dec. 1982 , Vol . 26 , No. 4 , pp . 709-729 ;Mark J . Gasiorowski ,“Economic Interdependence and International Conf lict : Some Cross-national Evidence”, International Studies Quarterly , March 1986 , Vol . 30 , No. 1 , pp . 22-38 ; William J . Domke , War and the Changing Global System (New Haven : Yale University Press , 1988) , chap . 5 ; Edward D. Mansf ield , Power , Trade , and War ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1994) , chap 4.
〔9〕J ohn R. Oneal and Bruce M. Russett ,“The Classical Liberals Were Right : Democracy , Interdependence , and Conf lict , 1950 - 1985 ”, International Studies Quarterly , J une 1997 , Vol . 41 , no. 2 , pp . 267-293 ; Eugene Staley , The World Economy in Transition (New York : Council on Foreign Relations ,1939) ; Richard N. Rosecrance , The Rise of the Trading State : Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World ( New York : Free Pree , 1986) .
〔10〕Polachek , “Conf lict and Trade”, pp . 55-78 ; Gasiorowski and Polachek , “Conf lict and Interdependence : East-West Trade and Linkages in the Era of Detente”, pp . 709-729 ; Gartzke , Erik , Li , Quan , Boehmer , Charles , Q. E. D. , “Investing in the Pace : Economic Interdependence and International Conf lict ”, International Organization , Sp ring 2001 , Vol . 55 , Issue 2 , pp . 391-438.
〔11〕例如,Jacob Viner ,“Peace and Economic Problem”, International Economics ( Glencoe , IL : Free Press , 1951) , p261 ; Albert O. Hirschman , The Passions and the Interests : Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1977) , p . 61 ; Arthur A. Stein , “Governments , Economic Interdependence , and International Cooperation”, in Philip E. Tetlock et al . , Behavior , Society , and International Conf lict , Vol . 3 (New York : Oxf ord University Press , 1993 ) , pp . 241-324 ; Michael W. Doyle , Ways of War and Peace : Realism , Liberalism , and Socialism (W. W. Norton &Company Ltd , 1997) ,chap . 8 ; Yuan-Ching Chang ,“Economic Interdependence and International Interactions : Impact of Third-Party Trade on Political Cooperation and Conf lict”, Cooperation & Conf lict ,J un 2005 , Vol . 40 Issue 2 , pp . 207-233.
〔12〕[美]汉密尔顿等: 《联邦党人文集》〔M〕,程逢如等译,商务印书馆,1980 年版,第六篇; [ 德]弗里德里希·李斯特著:《政治经济学的国民体系》〔M〕, 陈万煦译, 商务印书馆,1961 年版,第十章; [ 美] 肯尼斯·沃尔兹:《国际政治理论》〔M〕, 胡少华、王红婴译, 中国人民公安大学出版社,1992 年版, 第七章; J ohn Mearsheimer , “Back to the Future : Instability in Europe af ter the Cold War”, International Security , Summer 1990 , Vol . 15 , No. 4 , pp . 5-56.
〔13〕J osep h Grieco ,“Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation : A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism”, International Organization , Summer 1988 , Vol . 42 , No. 3 , pp . 485-529.
〔14〕Robert Gilpin , War and Change in World Politics ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 1981) , pp . 140-141.
〔15〕T. David Mason and Abdul M. Turay ,ed. US-Japan Trade Friction : Its Impact on Security Cooperation in the Pacif ic Basin (London Macmillan , 1991 ) ; Barry Buzan , “ Economic St ructure and International Security : The Limits of the Liberal Case ”, International Organization , Autumn 1984 , Vol . 38 , No. 4 , pp . 597-624.
〔16〕Dale C. Copeland ,“Economic Interdependence and War : A Theory of Trade Expectations ”, International Security , Sp ring 1996 , Vol . 20 , No. 4 , pp . 5-41.
〔17〕Katherine Barbieri ,“Economic interdependence : A path to peace or a source of interstate conf lict ?”Journal of Peace Research , Feb1996 , Vol . 33 Issue 1 , pp . 29-49 ; 梅然: 《经济相互依赖与和平》 〔J〕, 《欧洲》1998 年第5 期。
〔18〕Mark J . Gasiorowski ,“Economic Interdependence and International Conf lict : Some Cross-National Evidence”, International Studies Quarterly , Mar . , 1986 , Vol . 30 , No. 1. , pp . 23-38.
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〔22〕Brian M. Pollins ,“Conf lict , Cooperation , and Commerce : The Ef f ect of International Political Interactions on Bilateral Trade Flows ”, American Journal of Political Science , Aug. 1989 , Vol . 33 , No. 3 , pp . 737-761.
〔23〕Charles P. Kindleberger , The World in Depression 1929 - 1939 (London ,Allen Lane the Penguin Press ,1973) , p . 28 ; [美]罗伯特·吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》〔M〕, 杨宇光等译,经济科学出版社,1989 年版,第87 —97 页。
〔24〕Kim , Soo Yeon , Ties that bind : The role of trade in international conf lict processes , 1950 - 1992 , Ph. D. dissertation , Yale University , 1998.
〔25〕Joanne Gowa , Edward D. Mansf ield ,“Power Politics and International Trade ”, The American Political Science Review , J un. , 1993 , Vol . 87 , No. 2 , pp . 408-420.
〔26〕Edward D. Mansf ield ; Rachel Bronson ,“Alliance , Pref erential Trading Arrangements , and International Trade ”, The American Political Science Review , Mar . 1997 , Vol . 91 , No. 1 , pp . 94-107.
〔27〕James D. Morrow ; Randolp h M. Siverson ; Tressa E. Tabares , “The Political Determinants of International Trade : The Major Powers , 1907-90”, The American Political Science Review , Sep . 1998 , Vol . 92 , No. 3 , pp . 649-661.
〔30 〕Thompson , Peter Galbraith , Foreign direct investment and war : Economic deterrence to armed conf lict , Ph. D. dissertation. , University of Calif ornia , Los Angeles , 2003.
〔31〕Jerry A. Frieden , “International investment and colonial cont rol : A new interpretation”, International Organization , Autumn 1994 , Vol . 48 , Issue 4 , pp . 559-593.
〔32〕James Miskel , Buying Trouble ? National Security and Reliance on Foreign Industry (Lanham , Md. : University Press of America , 1993) .
〔33〕Step hen G. Brooks , the globaliztion of production and international securtiy , Ph. D. dissertation , Yale University , 2001.
〔34〕Suleiman Hassan Abu Bader , An empirical analysis of determinants of foreign direct investment in Israel with emphasis on the peace process in the Middle East and the Arab boycott , Ph. D. dissertation , Cornell University , 1999.
〔35〕本文中,国际金融问题包括国际间的货币问题。
〔36〕Murray Wolfson ,“Book reviews — Economics and National Security (Annual Supplement to Volume 23 , History of Political Economy) ”, Southern Economic Journal , J ul 1993 , Vol . 60 , No. 1 , pp . 277-278.
〔37〕Erik , Li , Quan , Boehmer , Charles , Q. E. D. ,“Investing in the Pace : Economic Interdependence and International Conf lict”, pp . 391-438.