另外一些学者关注的主题是批判现代外交制度存在的问题, 着力阐释全球化时代给现代外交制度提出的严峻挑战。比如马特斯(Henry E. Mattox) 、汉密尔顿(Keith Hamilton) 与朗霍尔( Richard Langhorne) 、巴森( R. P. Barston) 、安德森( Jim Anderson) 、哈洛普(William C. Harrop) 、塔伯特( Strobe Talbott) 、凯南(George F. Kennan) 及朗霍尔与华勒斯(William Wallace)等人进行了细致的研究(2)。上述学者认为, 在信息流通自由、议题复杂、国际行为者多元的国际社会中, 现代外交制度面临诸多考验, 必须加以调整以因应新时代的需要。面对挑战, 近年来, 世界各国都越来越重视研究现代外交制度的改革问题, 以美国、英国、德国等国家为代表已经掀起了研究外交制度改革一个热潮, 一大批智库推出了大量的论证报告。
面对新的外部环境对外交提出的挑战, 现代外交制度的转型成为大势所趋。既然如此, 我们应该从何种意义上来准确估量全球化、信息技术革命以及全球公民社会等因素对外交制度重构的结果呢?我们认为, 所有这些变化最具历史意义的影响在于推动外交制度在代议民主外交制度的基础上增加了协商民主外交制度的崭新内容, 呈现为一种被称之为“新民主外交”( the new democratic diplomacy) 的制度形态[13]。
(1)有关虚拟外交研讨会的详细资料, 请参考“ 虚拟外交首页”( Virtual Diplomacy Home Page) , 网址: <http://www.usip.org/oc/virtual_dipl.html>。信息时代之美国外交再造报告书全文则刊载于美国战略与国际研究中心网站上, 网址: <http://www.csis.org/ics/dia/diadraft.pdf>, 9 October 1998。
(2)参见Keith Hamilton, and Richard Langhorne, eds., The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration (London:Routledge, 1996). R. P. Barston, Modern Diplomacy, 2d ed. (London: Longman, 1997). Jim Anderson, "The Future of Diplomacy," Foreign Service Journal74 (May 1997): 26- 31. William C. Harrop, "The Future of the Foreign Service," Foreign Service Journal 74 (May 1997): 32- 37. Strobe Talbott, "Globalization and Diplomacy: A Practitioner’s Perspective," Foreign Policy no. 108 (Fall 1997): 69- 83. George F. Kennan, "Diplomacy without Diplomats?" Foreign Affairs 76 (September/October 1997): 198- 212. Richard Lanhorne, and William Wallace, "Diplomacy towards the Twenty- first Century," in Foreign Ministries: Changes and Adaptation, ed. Brian Hocking (NewYork: St. Martin’s, 1999), 16- 22.
(3)Gordon Smith, "Reinventing Diplomacy: A Virtual Necessity," Virtual Diplomacy Series (February 25, 1999). Available at http://www.usip.oy/oc/vd/vdr/gsmithISAA99.htm, accessed July 30, 2001.
(5)Gordon Smith, "Reinventing Diplomacy: A Virtual Necessity," Virtual Diplomacy Series (February 25, 1999). Available athttp://www.usip.org/oc/vd/vdr/gsmithISA99.html, accessed July 30, 2001.
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[13] Alejandro Benda!a. The New Democratic Diplomacy: Civil Society as Partner with the United Nations and Governments [Z].Presentation at the DPI-NGO Conference? Global Solidarity: The Way to Peace and International Cooperation" United Nations, New York, August 28-30, 2000.
全球资讯榜http://www.newslist.com.cn
[14] Hendrick Spruyt. The Sovereign State and Its Competitors[ M]. Princeton University Press, 1994.
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[20] Coatstas M. Constantiou. Diplomacy: From Statecraft to Handicraft. In On the Way to Diplomacy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
[21] Larry Wholers. Learning from Success. Foreign Service Journal, 1997,Vol.74, (December).