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发表于 2006-7-22 22:14:10
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18] 《新现实主义与新自由主义》,第94页、[美]罗伯特·基欧汉著,苏长和等译:《霸权之后:世界政治经济中的合作与纷争》,上海人民出版社2001年版,第104-119页。<br /><br />[19] 艾克斯罗德、基欧汉:《无政府状态下的战略和制度合作》,参见鲍德温:《新现实主义和新自由主义》,第110页。<br /><br />[20] 在这一阶段,国家间的合作成为自由主义国际关系理论关注的核心问题,相关学术成果也较多,且多是使用博弈论原理来解决行动困境和背叛难题。斯坦的著作《国家为什么会合作》、摩罗的(James Morrow)的《政治科学中的博弈论》、哈丁(Russell Hardin)的《集体行动》、泰勒(Michael Tayloer)的《合作的可能性》等都是这一时期论述博弈论与合作问题的重要作品。<br /><br />[21] James Morrow, “Modeling the Forms of International Cooperation: Distribution and Information”, in International Organization48,3(Summer 1994),pp.387-423;James D. Fearon ,“Bargaining, Enforcement, and International Cooperation”, in International Organization 52,2(Spring 1998),pp.269-305.Lisa Martin, “Interests, Power and Multimateralism” in International Organization 46,4(Autumn 1992),pp.765-792.<br /><br />[22] 马丁的文章是《理性国家对多边主义的选择》,参见《多边主义》,第108-140页。斯耐德尔的文章是《相对获益与国际合作的模式》,见《新现实主义与新自由主义》第172-208页。<br /><br />[23] Andrew Kydd,“Trust, Reassurance, and Cooperation”,in International Organization 54,2(Spring 2000),pp.325-357.<br /><br />[24] See Zeev Maoz eds. al., Multiple Paths to Knowledge in International Relations: Methodology in the Study of Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution, Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland, 2004.<br /><br />[25] Detlef F. Sprinz and Yael Wolinsky-Nahmias eds., Models, Numbers , and Case:Methods for Studying International Relations, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor,2004,pp.279.<br /><br />[26] Kesten C. Green, “Forecasting decisions in conflict situations: a comparison of game theory, role-playing, and unaided judgment”, International Journal of Forecasting,18 (2002) ,pp321–344.;Paul Goodwin,“Forecasting games: can game theory win? ”,International Journal of Forecasting,18 (2002),pp369–374.<br /><br />[27] 研究博弈论的文献除了斯耐德尔、杰维斯的作品外,还有Harrison Wagner, “The theory of Games and the Problem of International Cooperation”, in American Political Science Review,Vol.77(1983), “The Theory of Games and the Balance of Power”, in World Politics, Vol.38 no.4(1986);Michael Nicholson, Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict,1992,Martin Shubik, “the Uses of Game Theory”, in James C. Charlesworth ed., Contemporary Political Analysis(1967),and Game Theory and Related Approaches to Social Behavior(1964)等。<br /><br />[28] Andrew Kydd, “The Art of Shaker Modeling: Game Theory and Security Studies”, pp.344-359.<br /><br />[29] 关于形式语言、自然语言方法可见Michael Nicholson, “Formal Methods in International Relations”, in Frank P. Harvey and Michael Brecher eds., Evaluating Methodology in International Studies, The University of Michigan Press,2002,pp.23-42.<br /><br />[30] 例如,经济学一般均衡理论的创始人之一瓦尔拉斯认为没有被数学化的学科不是一门严密的科学,所以应用数学语言来表达经济理论。相关内容可参见[美]A.S.艾克纳主编,苏通、康以同等译:《经济学为什么还不是一门科学》,北京:北京大学出版社1990年版,第38页。当然,对形式化和数学化的反对者也大有人在。瓦尔拉斯的批评者则认为,经济学不应被简化为瓦尔拉斯正在试图创建的公理化体系之类的东西。<br /><br />[31] See Duncan Snidal, “ Formal Models of International Politics”, p.227.<br /><br />[32] 布尔对科学方法缺点的批判可见,John. A. Vasquez eds., Classics of International Relations, Prentice-hall Inc. New Jersey 1996, pp.76-81.<br /><br />[33] See Duncan Snidal,“ Formal Models of International Politics”, p.228 -245.<br /><br />[34] Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, “Accomplishments and Limitations of a Game-Theoretic Approach to International Relations”, in Frank P. Harvey and Michael Brecher eds., Evaluating Methodology in International Studies, The University of Michigan Press,2002,p.59.<br /><br />[35] Duncan Snidal, “The Game Theory of International Politics”, in Kenneth A. Oye eds., Cooperation Under Anarchy, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1985,pp.38-49.<br /><br />[36] 一般理论被视为是学科科学性的一个重要标志。如经济学的终极理论是一般均衡理论,古典物理学中的牛顿经典力学理论、现代物理学中爱因斯坦的相对论和20世纪70年代的超弦理论都属于不同时期物理学的一般理论。参见[法]安托万·多迪默、让·卡尔特里耶编,张增一译:《经济学正在成为硬科学吗?》,北京:经济科学出版社2002年版,第71-79页、第307页。<br /><br />[37] Robert Jervis, “Realism, Game Theory and Cooperation”, in World Politics, Vol 40(April,1988),p.319。斯耐德尔和哈得森等人都持有类似的看法,参见Duncan Snidal, “The Game Theory of International Politics”, pp.25-57. Richard Carlton Snyder, H. W. Bruck, Burton Sapin, Foreign Policy Decision-Making (revisited), Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2002,.p.2.关于博弈论的贡献与优点, Mesquita列举了5个方面,分别是(1)为行为提供动机基础;(2)解释战略行为;(3)综合其它理论和方法的能力;(4)累积知识;(5)为了解影响决定分析的方法论议题提供洞察力。See Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, “Accomplishments and Limitations of a Game-Theoretic Approach to International Relations”, p.60.<br /><br />[38] See Duncan Snidal, “ Formal Models of International Politics”, p. 249.<br /><br />[39] Kenneth A. Oye eds., Cooperation Under Anarchy,pp.6-7.<br /><br />[40] Robert Jervis, “Realism, Game Theory and Cooperation” ,p.319.<br /><br />[41] Andrew Kydd, “The Art of Shaker Modeling: Game Theory and Security Studies”, pp.344-345.<br /><br />[42] Helen V. Milner, “Formal Methods and International Political Economy”, in Detlef F. Sprinz and Yael Wolinsky-Nahmias eds., Models, Numbers , and Cases:Methods for Studying International Relations, The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor,2004,pp.272-273.<br /><br />[43] Duncan Snidal, “The Game Theory of International Politics”, p.44.<br /><br />[44] Helen V. Milner, “Formal Methods and International Political Economy”, pp.272-273.<br /><br />[45] Robert Jervis, “Realism, Game Theory and Cooperation”, pp.320-329<br /><br />[46] 这被孟斯奎塔也归为信息问题,但与完全信息/不完全信息的内容并不相同。见Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, “Accomplishments and Limitations of a Game-Theoretic Approach to International Relations”, p.71.<br /><br />[47] Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, “Accomplishments and Limitations of a Game-Theoretic Approach to International Relations”, pp.74-75.<br /><br />[48] Ibid, pp.76-77.<br /><br />[49] 布拉姆斯的分析表明,行为体的目标是短期还是长期的,将决定其在博弈中的支付战略。因此,是目标或偏好决定行为体的理性和博弈,而不是相反。见Steven Brams, “Game Theory in Practice: Problems and Prospects in Applying it to International Relations”, in Frank P. Harvey and Michael Brecher eds., Evaluating Methodology in International Studies, The University of Michigan Press,2002,pp.82-83.<br /><br />[50] Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, “Accomplishments and Limitations of a Game-Theoretic Approach to International Relations”, p.60.<br /><br />[51] Steven Brams, “Game Theory in Practice: Problems and Prospects in Applying it to International Relations”, p.84. <br /> |
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