斯奈德译寒山诗,基本上做到了准确、简洁、优美和传神。寒山原诗是用通俗诙谐的口语体写成,斯奈德译文中They don't get what I say / And I don't talk their language 等正是典型的英语口语。他用And not much to look at— / Dressed in rags and hides 来翻译原诗中“貌不起人目,身唯布裘缠”句,全部使用英语中常用的单音节词汇和简单句式,生动形象地再现了寒山诗中的自我描述。
宇文氏对中国古典文学尤其对唐诗代诗歌有精深研究,他的译文较好地传达了杜甫原诗的意境和情怀。原诗前半写景,既有微风细草,危樯孤舟的细致,也有明星皓月,平野大江的雄浑;宇文氏用 Stars hang down 译“星垂”,用The moon gushes 译“月涌”,十分生动传神,他用 the breadth of the plain 来再现原野之辽阔,用 the great river's current 来表现大江之奔流,都很简洁而有气势。值得注意的是,宇文氏在传达原诗的意境情致的同时,还试图再现原诗的艺术特色,如译诗的头两行 Slender grasses, breeze faint on the shore; / Here, the looming mast, the lonely night boat. 就是使用“意象叠加”(superposition)的技巧,偏离现代英语的规范,有意不用动词和连接词语,将原诗中四个意象叠加在一起,使读者产生丰富的想象,并感受到中国古诗简洁含蓄,意境深远的特征。原诗后半表现诗人虽有远大的政治抱负,但长期受压抑而不能施展,诗人即景以抒悲怀,抒发内心飘泊无依的无限伤感。宇文氏的译文呈现出这样的情怀,其中Sick, growing old, I must yield up my post. 句用“变异”(deviation)的语序安排,颇有诗意。但是,原诗中“名岂文章著,官应老病休”应是诗人对过去著述与官场生涯的回顾与总结,而宇文氏的译文是My name shall not be known from my writing, 如果跟 My name has not been known from my writing 相比,就成了对未来的展望,是不够确切的。总的来讲,宇文所安及其他美国汉学家,数十年孜孜不倦,勤奋翻译、研究和传播中国古典文学作品,使中国唐代诗歌在美国被越来越多的读者和学者所接受。
“The lower leaves of the trees / Tangle the sunset in the dusk. / Awe spreads with / The summer twilight. // After sunset / Under the trees / Drifts the darkness, / The awful uncanniness / of the summer evening.”
以及从他的《新诗选集》中引用的诗行:“Slowly the moon rises / Over the quiet sea, / Slowly the face of my beloved / Forms in my mind .”“In the dark forest the whisper / Of a million leaves. / On the deep sea the sigh / Of a million waves.”
雷氏在诗歌创作中和还经常运用中国诗歌的意象典故。如《短诗全集》(Collected Shorter Poems, New York, 1966)中的一首诗“又一春”(Another Spring),描写诗人在深山中欣赏宁静与温馨的自然之美,其中就多处化用杜甫、王维和白居易的诗句作为“互涉文本”(intertext),如“The white moon enters the heart of the river”是来自白居易的“唯见江心秋月白”(“琵琶行”),“The air is drugged with azalea blossoms”是取自杜甫的“地清栖暗芳”(“大云寺赞公房”),“Deep in the night a pine cone falls” 是取自杜甫“故园松桂发”(“月圆”),“Our campfire dies out in the empty mountain”是取自王维“夜静春山空”(“鸟鸣涧”)等。雷氏还在创作技巧和语言文字上师法中国古典诗歌。例如,使用“千”、“万”这类词汇来表达“无限”之意,在中国古典诗歌中可谓俯拾即是,但在传统的英语诗歌中并不多见。然而在雷氏的诗中却经常出现,如:“Ten thousand birds sing in the sunrise. / Ten thousand years revolve without change. / All this will never be again”,“Snow of a thousand winters / Melt in the sun of one summer”(“The Wheel Revolves”)。再如工整的“对仗”在中国古诗中是十分常见的结构形式,而绝对工整的对仗在传统英诗中很少见,而且显得牵强。然而,我们在雷氏诗作中却可以读到这类效法中国古诗“对仗”的句子:The flowers are back in their places, / The birds back in their usual trees. / The winter star set in the ocean, / The summer star rise from the mountain. 等。
斯奈德的诗歌创作深受寒山诗的影响。他的诗集《碎石集》(Riprap,1959)有“碧玉涧”(Piute Creek)一诗,诗中写道:“ One granite ridge/ A tree, would be enough / Or even a rock, a small creak, / A bark shred in a pool. / Hill beyond hill , folded and twisted / Tough trees crammed / In thin stone fractures / A huge moon on it all, is too much. ... // A clear, attentive mind, / Has no meaning but that / Which sees is truly seen./ No one loves rock, yet we are here. / Night chills. A flick / In the moonlight / slips into Juniper shadow...”
他的获奖诗集《龟岛》(Turtle Island,1957)中收有他自认为最好的诗“松树冠”(Pine Tree Tops):“In the blue night /Frost haze, the sky glows / With the moon. / Pine tree tops / Bend snow-blue, fade / Into sky, frost, starlight. / The creek of boots. / Rabbit tracks, deer tracks, / What do we know.”诗人面对自然界的美丽神秘,痛感现代人类的无知。