[2] Moshe Lewin, Russia/USSR/Russia: The Drive and Drift of A Superstate, New York , The New Press,1995,p.272.
[3] Ibid,p320.
[4] Helene Carrere d’Encausse, The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of Nations, New York: Basic Books, 1993; Miller, ‘Realizing Perestroika’; Daniel Klenbort, ‘On Soviet Communism’, The National Interests, 32(Summer, 1993), p.107.
[5] Bunce, ‘The Soviet Union under Gorbachev’, pp.224-225, Bialer, ‘ Gorbachev’s Reforms’, pp. 34-35, Miller, ‘Realizing Perestroika’, pp.242-243, Franzke, J., ‘An Empire Under the Red Banner: Considerations About the End of the Soviet USSR’, Welt Trends, 6(1995), pp.55-75.
[6] Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakash, The Afghanistan war and breakdown of the Soviet Union, in Review of International Studies, vol.,25, Number 4, October 1999, p.693-708.
[48] 戈尔巴乔夫后来回顾时说:“那时我们没有理解所出现的进程的严重性。在对所发生的事情作出相应反应时耽误了。”См.: М.С.Горбачев,Размышления о прошлом и
будущем, c. 96.
[49]М.С.妙疳圜邂, 绣麒 и 羊囹, T.7, М, 1990. с.137.
[50] См.: М.С.Горбачев,Размышления о прошлом и будущем,
c. 98.
[51] 戈尔巴乔夫回忆说:“……不仅在普通的公民当中而且甚至在政治局都有人提议使用武力。 7月4日,葛罗米柯说,‘只要军队出现在大街上,马上就会有秩序。’”这种立场没有得到同意。”См.: М.С.Горбачев,Размышления о прошлом и будущем, c. 97.
[52] Tам же, c.103.
[53] Tам же, c.105.
[54] Tам же.
[55] 据戈尔巴乔夫披露,1990年4月底,立陶宛领导人在同联盟中央代表谈判时发出信号,他们不反对把立陶宛独立宣言解释为一种让该共和国获得“革新后的苏联的联系成员国”地位的法令。戈认为,‘这就成为寻找实际解决方法的基础。’但是,俄罗斯联邦发表主权宣言后,不仅出现了“主权大示*”(指其他民族共和国相继发表主权宣言——作者注),而且,“同立陶宛寻找一致的道路结果就被破坏了”。戈认为,“俄罗斯所采取的行动使得所有加盟共和国和许多自治共和国纷纷宣布自己为主权国家——‘主权大示*’,妨碍了同立陶宛进行建设性对话,事实上奠定了联盟解体进程的基础。”由此,戈认定,“让苏联解体的方针、‘掌握’俄罗斯的方针、夺取权力的方针,那时对于叶利钦和他身边的人来说已经是主要目标了。”Tам же, c.107-108、115-116.
[56] 《戈尔巴乔夫──叶利钦政治对抗1500天》,第147页。
[57] A.Trehub, ‘Soviet Press Coverage of the War in Afghanistan: From Cheerleading to Disenchantment’, Report on the USSR, 1(# 10, 1989), p.2.
[58] Ibid., p.2.
[59] Nake M.Kamrany, and David T.Killian, ‘Effecs of Afghanistan War on Soviet Society and Policy’, International Journal of Social Economics,19(1992), p.129.
[60] Quoted in Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakash, The Afghanistan war and breakdown of the Soviet Union, p.699.作者: 白鹤 时间: 2008-6-25 09:32
[61] Ibid. p. 706.
[62] Edward Shevardnadae, ‘To International Affairs Readers’, International Affairs, January 1990, p.12.
[63] Ibid., p.129. Kamrany and Killian, ‘Effects of Afghanistan War’, p.129.
[64] T.H.Rigby, ‘The Afghan Conflicts and Soviet Domestic Politics’, in J.W. Lamare(ed.), International Crisis and Domestic Politics: Major Political Conflicts in the 1980s(Westport, CT: Praeger, 1991), pp.137-149.
[65] Quoted in Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakash, The Afghanistan war and breakdown of the Soviet Union, p.699.
[66] Mahmut Gareyev, ‘The Afghan Problem: Three Years Without Soviet Troops’, International Affairs(March, 1992), p.17.
[67] Quoted in Rafael Reuveny and Aseem Prakash, The Afghanistan war and breakdown of the Soviet Union, p.701.
[68] Ibid.
[69] Quoted in Kamrany and Killian, ‘Effects of Afghanistan War’, p.130.